1、2009-9Lecture 1Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized in to five ranks: （五个层次）（五个层次） sentence 句子句子 clause 分句分句 phrase 词组词组 word 词词 morpheme 词素词素 Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank. A ful
2、l sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituentsthe . Syntax (句法句法)Morphology (词法词法) 我们可以通过切分把句子进行层层切分，分成最小的构成成我们可以通过切分把句子进行层层切分，分成最小的构成成分。例如：分。例如：句子：句子：Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys I know.分句：分句：Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys（主要分句）（主要分句） （who/whom) I
3、 know （从属分句）（从属分句）词组：词组：one of the nicest schoolboys （名词词组）（名词词组） of the nicest schoolboys （介词词组）（介词词组） the nicest schoolboys （名词词组）（名词词组） is one of the nicest schoolboys （动词词组）（动词词组） know (whom) （动词词组）（动词词组）词：词： Paul, one, schoolboys, I, of, nicest, know, is, the词素：词素：Paul, one, school, boy, -s, I,
4、 is, know, the, nice, -est the smallest meaningful element of speech (最小语义单位) free morpheme bound morpheme (自由词素自由词素) (粘附词素粘附词素) complete meaning; incomplete meaning; stand by itself as cant stand alone, simple word attached to other forms e.g. boy, girl, take, e.g. kindness, unkind, school, kind un
5、kindness, kindlyMorpheme词素词素 The word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways:2009-92009-92009-9又叫又叫“单词素词单词素词”（morpheme word), 由单一由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如：自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如：at, by, foot, take, make 等等由词根加派生词缀构成，同一词根加不同词缀可表由词根加派生词缀构成，同一词根加不同词缀可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。如：示
6、不同的意义或不同的词性。如：unfair, nonsmoker, misjudge, overeat, international, belittle 等等通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成。如：通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成。如： deadline, handbook, driveway, toothpick, downfall 等等2009-92）封闭词类和开放词类）封闭词类和开放词类In terms of grammatical function, words can be divided into two main groups:封闭词类指所有的功能词，包括封闭词类指所有的功能词，包括
7、:介词介词 (Preposition), 如：如：in, of, on, without代词代词 (Pronoun), 如：如：you, he, one, which限定词限定词 (Determiner), 如：如：a, the, this连词连词 (Conjunction), 如：如：and, or, but助动词助动词 (Auxiliary), 如：如：do，can, may2009-9开放词类指各种实义词，包括：开放词类指各种实义词，包括：名词名词 (Noun)， 如：如：man, Paris, drama形容词形容词 (Adjective), 如：如：old, big, cheap副词
8、副词 (Adverb), 如：如：here, there, late 主动词主动词 (Main Verb),如：如：work, give, make此外还有此外还有基数词基数词 (Cardinal Numeral)，序数词序数词(Ordinal Numeral)，感叹词，感叹词(Interjection)是介乎是介乎“封闭封闭”与与“开放开放”之间的词类之间的词类2009-93. Phrases （词组）（词组）词组是由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位词组是由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位The phrase is composed of one or more than one word.
9、 Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized. 171) The noun phrase （名词词组）（名词词组） The noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. The g
10、eneral pattern of a noun phrase is: (determiner+) (premodifier+) noun (+postmodifier) e.g. all the college students his new book on phonology the tall boy sitting in the corner the authors new novel that will soon come out 182) The verb phrase （动词词组）（动词词组） The verb phrase is a phrase with a main ver
11、b as its head. A verb phrase can be simple or complex. A simple verb phrase is just a main verb or “modifier + main verb”. A complex verb phrase is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) (+ modifier). e.g. She looks pale. It is getting dark. John will certainly object and so will Mary
12、.193) The adjective phrase （形容词词组）（形容词词组） The adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is: (modifier+) adjective (+postmodifier/ complementation) e.g. The weather is fine today. The course is pretty difficult. Youre not careful enough.204
13、) The adverb phrase （副词词组）（副词词组） The adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. The general pattern of an adverb phrase is: (modifier+) adverb (+postmodifier) e.g. He spoke loudly and clearly. Be a man. Do not act so slowly. She spoke very clearly indeed. 5) The prepositional phrase （介词词组
14、）（介词词组） The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern of a prepositional phrase is: (modifier+) preposition + complementation e.g. Were collecting money for the benefit of some orphans. The student consulted his adviser about the two courses. The sentence i
15、s the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicati
16、ve function. A full sentence is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate. e.g. I signed the paper to get the license. A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which in specific contexts and situation can stand by itself and perform a communicate function. e.g. No smoking!2) Simple, Com
17、pound, Complex and Compound-complex sentences A simple sentence is a sentence that comprises only one independent clause. Two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. When an independent clause comprises one or more dependent clauses as its elements. This makes a complex sen
18、tence. Two or more coordinated independent clauses with at least one complex clause make a compound-complex sentence. 6. Sentence Structure （句子结构）（句子结构）Logically speaking, a clause is a construction of “Subject + Predicate”.Subject PredicateHenry All the menMr. CarterJennies paintingsSmoking cigaret
19、tesis the most studious in the class. have done their best. will investigate further. were judged inferior to Wandas.causes trouble in the lungs. 1）Basic clause types (基本句型)S-V-C（主-动-补） eg. The car is mine. S-V（主-动） eg. Iron rusts.S-V-O（主-动-宾） eg. I want a theatre ticket.S-V-o-O (主-动-宾-宾) eg. Mary lent me her car.S-V-O-C (主-动-宾-补) eg. They elected him president.S-V-A （主-动-状） eg. I lived in Beijing. S-V-O-A (主-动-宾-状) eg. I put the book on the shelf. 2）Transformation （转换）eg. She gave him the book. She didnt give him the book. （转否定） Did she give him the book? （转疑问） A book was given to him. （转被动）
