1、ContentsContentslDetailed study of Text I & IIlOral work: Role-play: back from an Antarctic expedition; Role-play: back from an Antarctic expedition; Interaction activities: a report on an Antarctic Interaction activities: a report on an Antarctic expeditionexpeditionlGuided writing: Basic writing t
2、echniquesBasic writing techniquesexpansion of nouns; expansion of nouns; Composition writingComposition writingexposition and expansion exposition and expansion of nouns; of nouns; Letter writingLetter writingconfirming a previous verbal confirming a previous verbal arrangementarrangement Warm-up di
3、scussion: How many continents and oceans are there in the world? - 7 continents: Antarctica; Oceania 7 continents: Antarctica; Oceania (Oceanic); Asia; Europe; Africa; North (Oceanic); Asia; Europe; Africa; North America; South AmericaAmerica; South America - - 5 oceans: the Arctic Ocean; the 5 ocea
4、ns: the Arctic Ocean; the Antarctic Ocean; the Pacific Ocean; the Antarctic Ocean; the Pacific Ocean; the Indian Ocean; the Atlantic OceanIndian Ocean; the Atlantic OceanCONTINENTS (by size) #1 Asia - (44,579,000 sq km) #2 Africa - (30,065,000 sq km) #3 North America - (24,256,000 sq km) #4 South Am
5、erica - (17,819,000 sq km) #5 Antarctica - (13,209,000 sq km) #6 Europe - (9,938,000 sq km) #7 Australia/Oceania - (7,687,000 sq km) CONTINENTS (by population)(2005) #1 Asia - (3,879,000,000) #2 Africa - (877,500,000) #3 Europe - (727,000,000) #4 North America - (501,500,000) #5 South America - (379
6、,500,000) #6 Australia/Oceania - (32,000,000) #7 Antarctica - (0) CONTINENTS (by the number of countries) #1 Africa - (53) #3 Europe - (46) #2 Asia - (44) #4 North America - (23) #5 Oceania - (14) #6 South America - (12) (oceans by size) #1Pacific(155,557,000sqkm)#2Atlantic(76,762,000sqkm)#3Indian(6
7、8,556,000sqkm)#4Southern(20,327,000sqkm)#5Arctic(14,056,000sqkm)(greatest depths in the oceans) (by ocean) Mariana Trench,Pacific35,827ftPuerto Rico Trench,Atlantic30,246ftJava Trench,Indian24,460ftArctic Basin,Arctic18,456ftSouthern Ocean (greatestdepthindispute)Pre-reading activities Group discuss
8、ion:HowmuchdoyouabouttheAntarctica,itsvegetation,water,climate,temperature,animals,people.GeographyGeographyLocation:continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle Area: t o t a l :t o t a l : 1 4 m i l l i o n s q k m land:land: 14 million sq km (280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million sq km ice-cove
9、red) (est.) note:note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe GeographyGeography Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder
10、 than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing GeographyGeography Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevat
11、ions between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to nearly 5,000 meters; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers（冰河，冰川） form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, an
12、d floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent GeographyGeography Natural resources: iron ore, chromium（铬）, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small quantities; none presently exploited; krill（磷虾）, finfish（长须鲸）, and cra
13、b have been taken by commercial fisheries GeographyGeography Land use:arable land:arable land: 0% permanent crops:permanent crops: 0% other:other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) (2001) GeographyGeography Natural hazards: gravity-driven winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards（
14、大风雪） form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic（飓风的） storms form over the ocean and move clockwise(顺时针地） along the coast; volcanoes on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic（地震的） activity rare and weak; large icebergs from ice shelf.* Counter clockwise （逆时针的） Geograph
15、yGeography Environment - current issues: in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the Antarctic ozone（臭氧层） hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an Antarct
16、ic fish; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled Antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming.GeographyGeography Geography - note: the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more s
17、olar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly uninhabitable PeoplePeople Population: noindigenous（土生土长的）inhabitants,buttherearebothpermanentandsummer-onlystaffedresearchstationsGovernmentGovernment Government type: AntarcticTreat
18、ySummary-theAntarcticTreaty,signedon1December1959andenteredintoforceon23June1961,establishesthelegalframeworkforthemanagementofAntarctica;the27thAntarcticTreatyConsultativeMeetingwasheldinCapeTown,SouthAfricainMay-June2004;attheseperiodicmeetings,decisionsaremadebyconsensus(notbyvote)ofallconsultati
19、vemembernations;attheendof2003,therewere45treatymembernations:28consultativeand17non-consultativeGovernmentGovernment Legal system: Antarcticaisadministeredthroughmeetingsoftheconsultativemembernations;decisionsfromthesemeetingsarecarriedoutbythesemembernations(withrespecttotheirownnationalsandopera
20、tions)inaccordancewiththeirownnationallawsEconomyEconomy Fishingoffthecoastandtourism,bothbasedabroad,accountforthelimitedeconomicactivity.Antarcticfisheriesin2000-01(1July-30June)reportedlanding112,934metrictons.Unregulatedfishing,isaseriousproblem.TheConventionontheConservationofAntarcticMarineLiv
21、ingResourcesdeterminestherecommendedcatchlimitsformarinespecies.Atotalof13,571touristsvisitedinthe2002-03Antarcticsummer,upfromthe11,588visitorsthepreviousyear.Nearlyallofthemwerepassengersoncommercial(nongovernmental)shipsandseveralyachtsthatmaketripsduringthesummer.Mosttouristtripslastapproximatel
22、ytwoweeks.CommunicationsCommunications Telephone system:general assessment:general assessment: local systems at some research stations international:international: country code - 672; via satellite from some research stations CommunicationsCommunications Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM 2, shortw
23、ave 1 note: information for US bases only (2002) CommunicationsCommunications Television broadcast stations: 1 (cable system with six channels; American Forces Antarctic Network-McMurdo) note: information for US bases only (2002) TransportationTransportation Airports - with unpaved runways:total: 20
24、 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 6 (2005 est.) TransportationTransportation Heliports: 27 stations have restricted helicopter landing facilities (2005 est.) TransportationTransportation Ports and terminals therearenodevelopedportsandharborsinAnt
25、arctica;mostcoastalstationshaveoffshoreanchorages,andsuppliesaretransferredfromshiptoshorebysmallboats,barges（平底船）,andhelicopters;afewstationshaveabasicwharffacility.MilitaryMilitary theAntarcticTreatyprohibitsanymeasuresofamilitarynature,suchastheestablishmentofmilitarybasesandfortifications（堡垒）,th
26、ecarryingoutofmilitarymaneuvers（调运，演习）,orthetestingofanytypeofweapon;itpermitstheuseofmilitarypersonnelorequipmentforscientificresearchorforanyotherpeacefulpurposes.Transnational issues Antarctic Treaty freezes claims ;Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime s
27、ectors (some overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees wes
28、t; several states with territorial claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining （相（相邻的）邻的）undersea ridges .While-reading activities-Listen to the tape for general i
29、nformation- Study the text in detail 1) A summary of the main ideas in one sentence: The writer tells us why Antarctica has not been conquered by man so far and how our “tenure” of it is questionable even today.2) The supporting details Thementionedreasonswhynotas-yetconqueredbymaninthetext:(1) grea
30、t isolation from other land(2) not inhabited by humans(3) hardly any plant or animal life(4) no human child ever born there(5) very little rain(6) intense cold(7) howling wind(8) the most tempestuous seas around it 3) Answer comprehensive questions (1).the ice sheet .radiates white light like a grea
31、t white lantern across the bottom of the world. (2)Antarctica is in fact our planets largest and most spectacular phenomenon. (3)and even today mans tenure of it is unsure and his knowledge comparatively slight. (4).to appreciate the sort of place (5)In fact their differences outweigh their similari
32、ties.(6)The Arctic hemmed in.the Antarctic in splendid isolation, tempestuous seas on earth.(7).there is no habitation that a man can describe as home. (8)The exact accumulation is difficult to measureblown snow. (9).for by disrupting the cushion of warmth (10) Yet climate by itself was not the main
33、 drawback to the unveiling of4) Language points seenfromspacewhenourplanetisseenfromspace This is an ed participle phrase used as an adverbial of time. In using the ed participles, care should be taken to make sure that the participles are correctly related to the subject in the main clause.e.g.Conf
34、ined to be,Peterwasnotallowedtogodownstairs.(cause) Given better attention and care,thesesmallanimalswouldnothavefallenpreytothecarnivores.(condition)Mrs.Harrington,greatly disturbed by what her husband threatened to do,askedtheirlodgertostopplayinghisrecords.(attendingcircumstances) Antarcticathe c
35、ontinent surrounding the South Pole Antarctic adj. the Antarctic (Circle)the Antarctic Ocean and Antarctica 南极圈南极圈(an imaginary circle parallel to the Equator 66。33south of it the Arctic Circlean imaginary circle parallel to the Equator 66。33north of it 北极圈北极圈 every otherevery second, one in every t
36、wo every other personhalf the people in the world e.g. We have singing practice every other week. We are asked to write on every other line for our composition. set eyes onlay eyes on, see(usu. used in conjunction with a negative or out-of-the ordinary idea) e.g. It was one of the most beautiful sig
37、ht that I had ever set eyes on. Ive never set eyes on him before. set foot (on/in, etc.)go, visit set ones mind on sth.make up ones mind to do sth. let aloneeven less, much less, certainly not, not to mention (a conjunction used after a negative clause) e.g. Their ancestors had been dirt-poor and ne
38、ver saw royalty, let alone hung around with them. Average(v.):have an average of / average(adj.): at an average speed of , the average annual rainfall/ average (n.) : the average of the students marks, on average Words of Latin origin: Phenomenonphenomena. Bacteriumbacteria, curriculumcurricula, med
39、iummedia W o r d s o f G r e e k o r i g i n : analysis=analyses, basisbases, crisiscrises, thesistheses Outweigh; outlive contrastto examine in order to find differences: contrast sth. with sth. Cf. compareto examine in order to discover like or unlike characteristics In contrast/ by contrast; in s
40、harp / marked / stark contrast to sth By comparison, for comparison, in comparison with/ to, on comparison, invite comparison: Her paintings invite comparison with those of the early impressionists, stand/bear comparison: Irvings works with the best of the modern novelists, make a comparison divided
41、 from/ separated from/ isolated from be inclined to /tend to regard.as./ think of .as all the year round a handful of mosses, a mouthful of food, a roomful of people, a spoonful of soup, a cupful of water, a bucketful of mud, a pocketful of sweets essential(n.) to by far the coldest disintegrate int
42、o small wonder/ no wonder southernmost, northernmost, foremost, innermost, utmost, topmost knota measure of the speed of a ship or wind. One knot is equivalent to about 1,853 metres per hour.（节）（节）Post-reading activities 1)Commentsonthetext -the technique of stating the central theme at the beginnin
43、g -supporting the view with concrete data, statistics and facts -the use of contrast -the use of quotations -the use of parallel structuresPost-reading activities 2) Pair work: If one day you have the opportunity to travel to the Antarctica, will you go there? Why or why not?Text IIlPre-reading acti
44、vities Group work: How much do you know about our mother the earth?Theearth The Earth can be divided into two main parts. atmosphere:measuredfromthesurfaceoftheEarthupwardsto150km(anythingabovethisiscalledspace) solid Earth:measuredfromthesurfaceoftheEarthdownwardstothecoreatmosphereatmosphere The a
45、tmosphere is divided (measured from the surface of the Earth) into: Troposphere（对流层）(0km-13km) OzoneLayer(13km-25km) Stratosphere（平流层）(25km-50km) Mesosphere（中层）(50km-75km) Thermosphere（热电离层）(75km-150km)The solid EarthThe solid Earth This can be divided into the: Biosphere （生物圈）（生物圈）(water,organicsub
46、stancesandskeletalmatter)-solidandliquid-andincludesallformsoflife(e.g.plantsandanimals)andtheirproducts(e.g.skeletons)bothonlandandinthesea Hydrosphere （水圈）（水圈）(freshandsaltwater,snowandice)-mainlyliquid,somesolid-includesallformsofwater Internal structure of the Earth,whichincludes:o Crust(normals
47、ilicaterockssuchasgraniteandbasalt（玄武岩）)-solido Mantle（地幔）(ferromagnesium（亚铁镁）-richsilicate（硅酸盐）rocks)-solido Core(iron-nickelalloy)-liquidupperpartandsolidlowerpartThe crustThe crust Thecrustmakesuponly0.5%oftheEarthstotalmassandcanbesubdividedintotwomainparts,continentalandoceanic.Bothdifferinthic
48、kness,densityandcomposition.Althoughoceaniccrustcoversapproximately61%oftheEarthssurface,itonlycomprisessome30%ofthecrustalmass,asthecontinentalcrustismuchthicker.The MohoThe Moho TheboundarybetweenthecrustandmantleisknownastheMohorovicicDiscontinuity（莫霍洛维奇契不连续面）(Moho).Itmarksasignificantchangeinche
49、micalcompositionandistheboundarybetweenthecrustandmantleThe mantleThe mantle Themantleisthoughttobeprimarilycomposedofultrabasic（超碱的）rocks(rocksrichinmagnesiumandiron,andpoorinsilica).Asseismicvelocity（周转数）changethroughthemantle,wecansubdivideitintoanupper mantle,transition zone,andlower mantleThe c
50、ore The core The core is marked as that point within the Earth where P-waves cannot penetrate. It is believed to be composed primarily of a nickel-iron alloy (along with abundant platinum-group elements), consisting of a liquid outer zone, and a solid inner zone. It is also marked by an abrupt incre
