1、This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller
2、and DS18B20 temperature sensor.动物免疫的基础知识This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of
3、 the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.免疫的定义 免疫是指动物机体识别和消除非已大分子物质，用以维持机体内外环境平衡的生理性、保护性的反应过程。 免疫接种：是给动物接种抗原(疫苗、菌苗)或免疫血清等生物制品激发机体产生对相应病原体的特异性抵抗力，使易感动物转化为非易感动物，从而达到保护个体乃至群体预防和控制传染病的目的。 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system w
4、hich realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.免疫接种的分类 预防免疫接种：为预防传染病的发生流行，平时有计划地给健康畜禽群进行免疫接种。 紧急免疫接种：发
5、生和流行传染病时，为迅速控制和扑灭疫病的流行，而对疫区和受威胁区内尚未发病的畜禽进行免疫接种。 临时性免疫接种：临时为避免发生某些传染病而进行的免疫接种。如引进、外调、运输畜禽时，为避免途中或到达目的地后爆发某些传染病，而临时进行的免疫接种。 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digita
6、l temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.疫苗的种类 菌苗、疫苗、类毒素。习惯上。把以上3种生物制品简称为疫苗。目前常用的疫苗有弱毒疫苗和灭活疫苗 。 a、弱毒疫苗：是利用毒力减弱的细菌或病毒等微生物经大量繁殖后制成的活苗，如：猪瘟。 b、灭活苗：将病源微生物(强毒或弱毒)大量繁殖后，采用物理或化学的(如甲醛)方法使其失活，但仍保留免
7、疫原性制作的苗。 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microco
8、ntroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.免疫的方法1、滴鼻 如伪狂犬疫苗2、肌肉或皮下注射 大部分的疫苗3、口服 如猪多杀性巴氏杆菌疫苗、仔猪副伤寒疫苗This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B
9、20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.疫苗接种在疾病预防中的作用 （1） 唯一手段：疫苗接种是预防该病的唯一手段，除此之外别无它法。如猪瘟、猪细小病毒病、猪伪狂犬病、猪乙性脑炎和口蹄疫等病毒性传染病。（2） 主要手段：疫苗接种在预防该病中起主要作用。如一些危害大的细菌性传染病。（3） 辅助手段：疫苗接种在预防该病上起辅助作用。（4） 次要手段：疫苗接种在预防该病上所起的作用不大或疫
10、苗免疫效果不好。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcon
11、troller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.注意事项 1、严格按说明书要求保存、运输和使用。不同的疫苗保存和运输的方法不尽相同。由于生产中使用的佐剂不同，即使同一个厂家生产的不同批次疫苗使用方法也不相同。2、现用现配。冻干疫苗配后在4小时内用完，油乳剂灭活苗和铝胶疫苗要升高到室温，当天内用完，过期不能使用。有专用稀释液的，要用专用的稀释液。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function
12、 of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 3、防疫器具要消毒。4、避免药物干扰。菌苗：使用前后各7天，停用抗生素。弱毒苗：使用前后各7天，停用抗病毒药物或带畜消毒。5、过敏反应。免疫后要注意观察有无过敏
13、反应，准备肾上腺素等药物救治。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 m
14、icrocontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 6、防止散毒，注意个人防护。疫苗瓶、器具要消毒和无害化处理。如猪丹毒疫苗误注入人体内会造成人感染丹毒，布病疫苗也会感染人。 7、制定科学的免疫程序，避免母源抗体的干扰。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single b
15、us digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 猪的免疫应答是一个生物学过程，受到机体遗传因素和环境因素的影响，不可能提供绝对的保护，大多数猪只对抗原的免疫应答呈中等水平，而一小部分猪只则免疫应答很差。因此，疫苗的保护不是百分之百。即使如此，一般60%70%的保护率就足以有效地阻止疾病在猪群内的传播，所以，其免疫接种的效
16、果还是相当显著。 客观评价免疫效果客观评价免疫效果 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system ar
17、e AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.免疫失败的原因免疫失败的原因1、疫苗的质量问题 一是生产厂家生产的疫苗质量差，如效价或蚀斑量不够，油乳剂灭活疫苗乳化程度不高，抗原均匀度不好。二是疫苗自身没问题，但是在运输保藏过程中以为外界环境光照太强；温度过高或过低；疫苗瓶内进空气；超过有效期等都会导致疫苗的效价不足导致免疫失败。 例如：弱毒苗需低温冷藏， 保存温度-15 。 油乳剂灭活苗、铝胶苗在2-8保存，不能冻结。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intellige
18、nt temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 2、疫苗本身血清型差异有些病原的血清型较多，免
19、疫接种时没法选用与本地流行毒(菌)株相对应的血清型疫苗。如大肠杆菌按菌体抗原分有100多个血清型，并且不同血清型之间缺乏交叉免疫作用，因此用针对少数几种血清型制成的基因工程苗并不能很好预防自然界流行的各种不同血清型引起的大肠杆菌病的发生。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital t
20、emperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.3、疫苗使用不当疫苗稀释液不当；疫苗稀释浓度不当；疫苗中混入配伍禁忌的药物或其它疫苗；对稀释过的活苗没有及时的用完； 在疫苗注射过程中注射部位不正确，注射角度不正确，选择的针头不正确都会影响免疫效果This paper mainly introduces the design of an intel
21、ligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.肌肉注射操作要点 部位：选择肌肉发达的部
22、位，如颈侧、臀部等， 方法：左手固定注射部位右手拿注射器，针头垂直刺肌肉内，左手固定注射器，右手将针芯回抽一下。如无回血，将药慢慢注入，若发现回血，应变更位置。 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single c
23、hip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.避免错误的操作手法正确的操作手法 错误的操作手法This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using sin
24、gle bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 4、疫苗使用剂量不当注射剂量过低则效力不足，剂量过大则引起免疫耐受(免疫麻痹)。抗原剂量越大，所引起的免疫耐受越巩固持久。免疫接种过程中出现洒漏或漏注情况；有些疫苗病毒性灭活是油乳剂疫苗，容易引起注射器定量控制失灵，使注射剂量不准。This paper mainl
25、y introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temp
26、erature sensor. 适当的免疫程序的制定应建立在对当地疫病的流行情况、猪群的种类、生产情况等方面的调查研究以及免疫抗体或母源抗体的监测的基础之上，制定适合本场特点的免疫程序，并非免疫的疫苗种类越多越好，不能将书上或外地的免疫程序照抄照搬。制定免疫程序时要着重考虑以下几个因素：免疫程序因素This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and contro
27、l by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.1、母源抗体的影响 免疫接种的母猪可经乳汁，特别是初乳将母源抗体传给仔猪，使仔猪得到被动保护，但母源抗体较高时不但可消灭侵入的相应的病原，也能杀灭活疫苗(灭活苗不被母源抗体所消灭，但应答反应很弱)，因此只能等到母源抗体消退到一定的水平之后
28、才能接种免疫。 如猪瘟在仔猪生后20多天母源抗体就会消失，是不是生后20多天再免疫呢？不是。应该在母源抗体消失前，20日龄时首免，为克服母源抗体干扰使用4倍量，4-7天产生免疫力，60日龄时二免，1倍量。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor
29、 DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 将两种或两种以上无交叉反应的抗原同时免疫接种时，机体对其中一种抗原的免疫应答降低，因此，为保证免疫效果，对当地比较流行的传染病最后单独接种，同时在产生免疫力之前不要接种对该疫苗有拮抗作用的疫苗，特别要提出的是，在免疫接种后，如果猪场短期内感染了病毒，由于抗原竞争，机体对感染病毒不产生免疫应答，这时的发病情况有可能比不接种疫苗时还要
30、严重。至于还有人使用二、三联疫苗，是因为一方面有些疫苗的相互影响较小，另一方面减少免疫次数有利于生产。2、抗原竞争(免疫间的相互干扰)This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcompu
31、ter. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 同一类疫苗经过二次或二次以上的免疫后，所产生的抗体维持时间较长，达到的抗体水平较高。重复免疫的时间间隔是根据抗体的维持时间来确定的，一般最短间隔时间不得少于14天，有的认为免疫次数越多，间隔时间越短越好，结果引起免疫耐受，反而达不到效果。值得注意的是，第二次或二次以上免疫接种的份量不得低于前次免疫时的份量。 3、加强免疫间隔时间的确定This paper mainly introduces the
32、design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 1
33、、动物机体对接种抗原的免疫应答在一定的程度上是受遗传控制的，不同品种，甚至相同品种不同个体的猪只，对同一疫苗的反应强弱也有差异，有些猪只生来就有先天性免疫缺陷。2、猪群的某些疾病(如猪繁殖与呼吸综合症)的病原能损害猪体的某些免疫器官，从而降低机体的免疫应答能力。3、猪群发病时或多或少的对其造成应激，导致其免疫应答能力降低。4、动物的生理状况This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature m
34、easurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 研究证明：机体维生素、氨基酸及某些微量元素的缺乏或不平衡等都会使机体免疫应答能力降低。如维生素A的缺乏会导致淋巴细菌的萎缩，影响淋巴细胞的分化、增殖，受体表达与活化，导致体内的T淋巴细胞减少，吞
35、噬细胞的吞噬能力下降，B淋巴细菌的抗体产生能力下降，导致机体免疫应答能力降低。 当饲料发霉产生的一系列的霉菌毒素如黄曲霉毒素能影响机体免疫效果，据报道，当饲料中的黄曲霉毒素大于0.1毫克/公斤时，能明显减少机体内免疫球蛋白和T淋巴细胞的数量，使机体免疫应答能力明显降低。 5、动物的营养因素This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by
36、using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 性激素对免疫应答有抑制作用，如睾丸激素、雄激素等对猪的免疫应答都有一定的影响。在使用含性激素药物时应注意猪群免疫水平的改变。地塞米松、痢特灵、氯霉素、卡那霉素及某些磺胺类药物等对淋巴细胞的增殖有一定的抑制作用，影响猪的免疫应答。一般而言，活菌苗免
37、疫接种的同时不能使用抗生素及其它抗菌药物；免疫前后两天内不能对猪舍消毒。6、药物与激素因素This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core componen
38、ts of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor. 温度、湿度、密度、通风、有害气体浓度等；运输、转栏、换料、用药及免疫接种等以上问题处理不当都会对猪只产生应激，这些应激能刺激脑下垂体产生促肾上腺皮质激素，而肾上腺皮质激毒能损伤T淋巴细胞，对巨噬细胞也有抑制作用，还可增加IgG(免疫球蛋白)的分解代谢，从而对免疫应答产生影响。只要环境适合，就大大减少动物发病机会，即使抗体水平不高也能得到保护，如果环境差，环境中有大量的病原体，抗体水平较高的猪群也存在发病的可能，而且多次免疫虽然能使抗体水平很高
39、，但并不是疾病防治要达到的目标，因为高免疫力的本身对动物来说就是一种应激，有资料表明，动物经多次免疫后，高水平的抗体会使动物的生产力下降，因而搞好环境与接种疫苗在疫病防治中同等重要。7、管理与环境因素This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.总 结 一、树立科学的防疫观念 二、做好系统的免疫管理 三、保证动物的营养水平 四、保证动物的环境卫生 五、正确看待防疫的效果
