1、并列句并列句 (compound sentence)复合句复合句 (complex sentence)简单句简单句 (simple sentence)英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句的五种简单句的五种基本基本句型句型1. The weather is very cold.主语主语+谓语（系动词）谓语（系动词）+表语表语2. He laughed.主语主语+谓语（谓语（vi.）3. I like Chinese food.主语主语+谓语谓语(vt.)+宾语宾语4. She taught them physics.主语主语+谓语谓语(vt.)+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语5. We mus
2、t keep the room warm. 主语主语+谓语谓语(vt.) +宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语并列句并列句 把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。 I turned on the TV. My sister and I watched it. I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it. I bought my sister a present. She didnt like it. I bought my sister a present, but she didnt like it.
3、并列句并列句并列句并列句平行平行并列连词：并列连词： 转折转折并列连词：并列连词：因果因果并列连词：并列连词： 选择选择并列连词：并列连词：and, bothand, not only but also, neithernorbut, however, while, yet or,eitherorfor, so常用并列连词常用并列连词复合句复合句:主句主句+从句从句名词名词性从句性从句定语从句定语从句状语从句状语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句Noun Clauses 名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词性从句在功能上相当于名词, 在复合
4、句在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。主语主语 His job is important.What he does is important.表语表语This is his job.This is what he does every day. 宾语宾语I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day.同位语同位语I dont know about the man, Mr. White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.宾语从句宾
5、语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句主语从句主语从句同位语从句同位语从句Practice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类。：指出下列各名词性从句的种类。1. She wondered if the buses would still be running.2. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.3. She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.4. When we will start is not
6、 clear.5. I had no idea that you were her friend.Object Clauses宾语从句宾语从句1. I know him . 2. I know who he is . 主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语（简单句）（简单句）主语主语谓语谓语宾宾 语语 从从 句句连词连词 从句主语从句主语 从句谓语从句谓语 主主 句句（复合句）（复合句）句子作宾语就是宾语从句句子作宾语就是宾语从句，跟在，跟在及物动词及物动词或或介介词词后后 。句子结构：句子结构：主句主句 +连词（引导词）连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句宾语从句 一、宾从类型一、宾从类型 1. vt + 宾从宾从
7、 I think that you are right.2. Vi + 介词介词 + 宾从宾从Our success depends on how closely we cooperate.3. vt + 间接宾语间接宾语+宾从宾从 He informs me when to leave.同类型同类型4. Vt+ 宾从宾从 + 宾补宾补He has made that he wont agree to the plan clear.可用可用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾作形式宾语，而把真正的宾 语从句后置。语从句后置。He has make it clear that he wont agree
8、 to the plan.5. Be + adj.+ 宾从宾从I am afraid that I have made a mistake.We are pleasant that we have again overcome difficulties.在主句为动词在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是的从句也可算是宾语从句宾语从句。vIm sorry (that) I dont know.vWere sure (that) our team will wi
9、n.vIm afraid (that) he wont pass the exam.二、连词（引导词）二、连词（引导词）1. 1.连词连词 that, if / whether2. 2. 连接代词连接代词 what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever 等等. .3.3.连接副词连接副词 when, where, why, how等等. .1. 连词连词that，一般引导，一般引导陈述句陈述句，that在从句中在从句中不作不作任何成分任何成分，也，也没有任何具体意思没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非，因此在口语或非正式文体中
10、正式文体中常省略。常省略。 Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better. She says (that) she wont take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词that在以下情况下不能省略：在以下情况下不能省略：（1）当）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个第二个that不能省；不能省；Eve
11、ryone knew (that) this test is important and that she was worried. （2）当）当that从句作介词宾语时，从句作介词宾语时，that不可省掉；不可省掉；The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（3）用）用it作形式宾语的宾语从句中作形式宾语的宾语从句中that 不能省掉；不能省掉；I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.（4）当）当that 从句与谓语分离时，从句与谓语分离时，t
12、hat不能省；不能省；I realize at once that I must have done something wrong. (5) 短语短语 except that （除了）中的（除了）中的thatI know nothing about her except that she is from Florida.2. If / whether 在从句中不做成分，有意义在从句中不做成分，有意义“是否是否” ”，不能省略。，不能省略。一般引导一般引导是一般疑问句是一般疑问句的宾语从句。的宾语从句。vLily wanted to know if /whether her grandma l
13、iked the handbag.vLets see if /whether we can find out some information about that city.vShe asked me if /whether she could borrow these books.whether和和if都可以引导宾语从句都可以引导宾语从句 a.当有当有or/ or not / to do 时就用时就用whether,不用不用if。I dont know whether or not I will stay.b.介词介词后面的宾语从句不能用后面的宾语从句不能用if。 I worry abou
14、t whether I hurt her feeling.注意注意 whether和和if的使用区别（的使用区别（whether使用范围使用范围更广）更广）:Choose “if / whether”1. I asked her _ she had a bike.2. Were worried about _ he is safe.3. I dont know _ he is well or not.4. I dont know _ or not he is well.5. I dont know _ I should go.if / whetherwhetherwhetherwhetherw
15、hether/if_ to go.whether3. 当宾语从句是当宾语从句是特殊疑问句特殊疑问句时，由时，由疑问词疑问词（what, who, whom, which, whose,(连接代词连接代词)when, where, how, why（连接副词）等（连接副词）等）引导，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的）引导，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。不可以省略。Do you know what he said just now?I dont remember when we arrived.I asked him where I
16、 could get so much money.Please tell me who/whom we have to see.Do you know what time the plane leaves?三、注意考点三、注意考点1. 时态时态（1） 如果如果主句是现在的时态主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时（包括一般现在时 ，现在，现在进行时，现在完成时），进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而从句的时态可根据实际情况而定定，（包括一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现，（包括一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）。在完成时等）。I know he lives here
17、.I know he lived here ten years ago. I have heard that he will come tomorrow.（2）如果主句是过去的时态如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）过去完成时）I knew who lived here. I saw she was talking with her mother. He aske
18、d whether his father would come back tomorrow. He said that he had seen it .（3）从句是客观真理、定义、公理、定理等时用从句是客观真理、定义、公理、定理等时用一般现一般现在时在时。The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun.2. 语序语序宾语从句的语序用宾语从句的语序用陈述语序陈述语序：连接词：连接词+主语主语+谓语谓语+其他成其他成分。分。I dont know what is the matter/the trouble/wrong with him
19、.1. When will he go to the library? His brother asks when he will go to the library .His brother asks when will he go to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ?I dont know what he wants to buy .I dont know what does he want to buy .【即学即练即学即练】3. 否定转移否定转移（1） 如果如果主句主语是第一人称主句主语是第一人称 （包括（包括I，we），与动词）
20、，与动词think, expect, believe, guess, suppose等连用，后接宾语从等连用，后接宾语从句时，通常将从句的否定转移到主句谓语动词，形成否句时，通常将从句的否定转移到主句谓语动词，形成否定前移。定前移。I dont suppose Jack is used to this diet. N：如果主句主语是第二人称呢？：如果主句主语是第二人称呢？You suppose Jack isnt used to this diet.N:反意疑问句？反意疑问句？I dont suppose Jack is used to this diet, is he?4. 形式宾语形式宾语
21、 it什么情况下会用到形式宾语什么情况下会用到形式宾语it（1）在句型）在句型 Vt+ 宾从宾从 + 宾补中，可用宾补中，可用it作形式宾语，而把作形式宾语，而把真正的宾真正的宾 语从句后置。语从句后置。We found that no one would take the money strange.We found it strange that no one would take the money.（2）有些词，后习惯一个形式宾语）有些词，后习惯一个形式宾语it，再接宾语从句，再接宾语从句第一类：表示喜好、憎恶等词：第一类：表示喜好、憎恶等词：hate, love, like, app
22、reciate, enjoy 等。等。I hate it when my computer crashes.She really enjoy it that her friends treat her friendly.第二类：第二类：rely on, depend on, see to, oweWould you see to it that the villagers have clean drinking water?You may rely on it that he comes on time.5. 虚拟语气虚拟语气一些含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句一些含有假设、猜想
23、、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用要用“（should） +do”结构结构, should可以省略。这类动词可以省略。这类动词有有: advise, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。如：等。如： I suggested that he (should) study harder. 1. The young man asked _ its summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether2.
24、We dont know _ they did it . A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us _ Jim can come back on time . A. that B. if C. when D. what time 4. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not ?A. if B. where C. whether D. thatDABC【达标训练达标训练】5. Could you show me _ ? A. how
25、 can I get to the station B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I can reach the station6. Please tell me _. A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like7. My sister told him _ . A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiti
26、ng D. where did you liveCBD8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _. A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 9. He says that if it _ tomorrow, he _ fishing . A. will rain ;wont go B. rained ; wasnt go C. rains ； wont go D. rain ; will go CDPredicative Clauses 表语从句表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作
27、表语的名词性从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动放在系动词之后词之后,一般结构是一般结构是“主语主语+系动词系动词+表语从句表语从句”。可以。可以接表语从句的系动词有接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, appear, seem。连接词：连接词：连词：连词：that / whether （ if 不引导表语从句不引导表语从句)连接代词：连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：连接副词：when / where / why / how /其他连词：其他连词： because / as /as if /as tho
28、ugh E.g.The question is whether we can rely on him. Thats why I was late.其他连词：其他连词： because / as /as if /as though1. Because 的原因的原因Thats because we were in need of money at that time.2. as 和和一样一样Things were not as we seemed to be.3. As if / as though 好像好像 一般接在一般接在seem ， look，appear , sound后，可能是陈述后，可
29、能是陈述语气，可能是虚拟语气。语气，可能是虚拟语气。 He looked as if he was going to cry.（陈述）（陈述） It seems as though it would rain. (虚拟虚拟) 注意考点：注意考点：1. 在表语从句中，表在表语从句中，表“是否是否” 时，只能用时，只能用 “whether”不能不能用用“if”。2. 表语从句中表语从句中“that”不能省。不能省。3. It is /was because .+原因原因 It is because I am nervous. It is /was why. +结果结果 It is why I fa
30、iled in the exam.注意考点：注意考点：4. The reason is /was that. +原因原因The reason is that Im nervous.5. The reason (why/for)is /was that.The reason why I failed in the exam is that Im nervous.注意考点：注意考点：6. 虚拟语气虚拟语气主语是表示主语是表示“建议，命令，要求建议，命令，要求”等名词时，表语从句应该等名词时，表语从句应该用虚拟语气用虚拟语气 “（should） + do”名词有：名词有：suggestion， ad
31、vice， proposal， order， command，request， requirement， demand等。等。My suggestion is that we (should) set off early tomorrow.1. Thats _ the Party called on us to do. A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether3 .That is _ they
32、 separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 【即学即练即学即练】BCDSubject Clauses 主语从句主语从句二、连词（引导词）二、连词（引导词）1. 1.连词连词 that, whether2. 2. 连接代词连接代词 what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever 等等. .3.3.连接副词连接副词 when, where, why, how等等. .1. 连词连词that，一般引导，一般引导陈述句陈述句，that在从句中在从句中不作不作任何成分任何成分，也，也没
33、有任何具体意思没有任何具体意思, 从句中不能省略。从句中不能省略。1. That we shall be late is certain.2. _ is known to us all. (地球是圆的地球是圆的)3. _ is a pity. (你错过了这次机会你错过了这次机会)That the earth is roundThat you missed the chance2 . whether 在从句中不做成分，有意义在从句中不做成分，有意义“是否是否” ”，不能省略。，不能省略。vwhether her grandma liked the handbag remains to be se
34、en.vwhether we can find out some information about that city depends on her attempt.3. 连接副词连接副词 what, who, whom, which, whose，具有一定的具有一定的意义，在从句中当主语、宾语或定语。所以意义，在从句中当主语、宾语或定语。所以不可以省略。不可以省略。What he said is not true . Whoever comes is welcome.Which boy will be chosen depends on the coachs decision.4.连接副词
35、连接副词when, where, how, why 在从句中担任状语，具在从句中担任状语，具有一定的意义，所以有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。不可以省略。Where he hid the money is to be found out .How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meetingWhen theyll start the project has not been decided yet. 注意一注意一:主语从句后置主语从句后置为了避免主语冗长免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻,经常经常用用it作形式主语作形式主语,主语
36、主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。从句放在后面作真正的主语。That we shall be late is certain. Its certain that we shall be late. That the earth is round is known to us all. 由连词由连词 whether, 连接代词连接代词 what, who, which和连接副词和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导等引导,也常常后置。也常常后置。It is not sure whether he has passed the test.It remains to be decide
37、d when to set off.Its known to us all that the earth is round.注意考点：注意考点：It 的用法：的用法： （形式主语）（形式主语）It + be + adj.+ that Its possible/important/necessary/clear that很可能很可能/ /重要的是重要的是/ /必要的是必要的是/ /很清楚很清楚 It + be + done + thatIts said/ reported that.据说据说/ /据报道据报道Its been announced/declared that已经通知已经通知/ /宣
38、布宣布It + vi. .+ thatIt seems/appears/happens. that显然显然/ /碰巧碰巧N:如果主从后面是表从或宾从时，不能用如果主从后面是表从或宾从时，不能用it做形式主语的。做形式主语的。What moved us is that he lost his wife in order to save others. 注意二注意二 ：主语从句中：主语从句中 ，谓语单复数问题，谓语单复数问题主语从句中主语从句中 ，动词一般用单数，动词一般用单数When should we leave is up to Jack.Why he made such decision
39、remains unknown.但是但是what引导的主语从句，有时根据表语决定。引导的主语从句，有时根据表语决定。What he needs is that book.What he needs are some books.What many people believes is that no pain no gain.两个并列的主语从句谓语用两个并列的主语从句谓语用复数复数When they will start and where they will go have not been decided.两个并列的疑问词引导同一个主语从句时，谓语用两个并列的疑问词引导同一个主语从句时，谓
40、语用单数单数。When and where the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.注意三：注意三：what 与与 that 引导主语从句的区别引导主语从句的区别 what引导名词性从句时在从句中引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分充当句子成分,如主语、如主语、宾语、表语宾语、表语,而而that则不然则不然,它在句子中它在句子中只起连接作用只起连接作用。例。例如：如：(1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.注意四：主从的
41、语序问题注意四：主从的语序问题陈述语气：主陈述语气：主+谓谓+宾宾如：如： What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a puzzle.3. _ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World.A.Which; belong to B. As; belonged to C. What; belonging to D. It; belonging to1. _ he made an important speech a
42、t the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 【即学即练即学即练】BCA同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句 1. 跟在抽象名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。跟在抽象名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。常用名词有常用名词有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information,
43、 opinion等。等。2. 常用连词：常用连词：that, when, where, why, howE.g. 1)消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。2) 问题是他如何做这件事。问题是他如何做这件事。Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army. Its the question how he did it.注意：注意：1) 同位语从句多用同位语从句多用that 引导，无意义但不可省略。引导，无意义但不可省略。2) 在在have no idea之后常用之后常用 wh-引导同位语从句
44、。引导同位语从句。I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night.We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China._1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet
45、./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot._The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot._【典题例证典题例证】4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents
46、 hold the view._Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online._There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible._比较：比较：1. We expressed the hope that they had expected.我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。2. We expressed the hope that they
47、would come to visit China again.我们希望他们再来中国访问我们希望他们再来中国访问。定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句区别区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句：引导的同位语从句和定语从句：引导同位语的连词引导同位语的连词that在句中在句中不作任何句子成分不作任何句子成分，而在定，而在定语从句中，语从句中，that可以充当可以充当从句的主语或宾语从句的主语或宾语等。等。同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明具体说明，而定语从，而定语从句是对前面的名词句是对前面的名词进行修饰，解释为进行修饰，解释为“的的”。连词连词that在同位语
48、从句中在同位语从句中不可省略不可省略,而在定语从句中当它而在定语从句中当它充当充当宾语时可以省略宾语时可以省略。Practice: 判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句1. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. 3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us a
49、ll. 4. I cant stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly. 同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句BA1._made the school proud was _ more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities . A. What; because B. What ; that C. That ; what D. That;because2._she couldnt understand was _
50、fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons .A What / why B That / what C What / because D Why / that 【达标训练达标训练】1.-Are you thinking about yesterdays game? -Oh, thats _ . A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 解析：解析： 这是由
