1、取得英语语法成功的基石取得英语语法成功的基石一、主语一、主语主语（主语（subject）：）：句子说明的人或事物。句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于主语一般位于_ 。1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首句首1. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He likes dancing. （ ）3. Two is my lucky number.(
2、 ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( )8. What he needs is a book. （ ）9. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当当不定式
3、、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？ 你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use argu
4、ing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ) 说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired.二、谓语二、谓语谓语谓语:说明主语说明主语做什么做什么或或怎么样怎么样。通常由。通常由_ 充当充当.动词常分为动词常分为实义实义动词动词,连系连系动词动词,情态情态动词和动词和助助动词动词.动词动
5、词 动词：动词：实义实义动词（指有实在意义的动词）动词（指有实在意义的动词） 连系连系动词动词 情态情态动词动词(can, could, may, must) 助助动词（动词（be、have、do）实义实义动词（指有实在意义的动词）动词（指有实在意义的动词）Vt.（及物动词）直接（及物动词）直接+宾语，有被动语态宾语，有被动语态Vi.（不及物动词）（不及物动词）+prep.+宾语，无被动宾语，无被动1）状态系动词状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词一词He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状
6、况或态度，主要有种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stayHe always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。 系动词系动词3）表像系动词表像系动词，用来表示，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词感官系动词，主要有，主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. 5）变化系动词变化系动词，
7、表示主语变成什么样，主，表示主语变成什么样，主要有要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, comeHe became mad after that. 6）终止系动词终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主，表示主语已终止动作，主要有要有prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。注意：注意：情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充当谓语,必须和必须和实义实义动词或动词或系系动词一起构
8、成谓语动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.I am go to school.I go to school.I must go to school.The girl is beautiful.谓语动词：谓语动词：系动词系动词+ +表语表语情态动词情态动词+ +实意动词实意动词/be/be动词动词助动词助动词+ +实意动词实意动词三、宾语三、宾语宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在一般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We study English. 2.Our
9、 teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾 语。语。 He gave me two books.及物动词及物动词介词介词1.She lived a happy life.( )2.I love you.( )3.We need two.( )4.Do you mind my opening the door?( )5.He began to learn English a year ago.( )6.He did not know
10、 what to say.( )7.Did you write down what she said? ( )8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them.( )名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句ItIt作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语表语表语：跟在：跟在 后面的词语或从句后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份用来说明主语的身份,特征特征,状态状态.The trees turn green. The flower is beautiful .四、表语四、表语连系动词连
11、系动词1. He is a teacher. ( )2. My idea is this.( )3. She was the first to arrive.( )4. I feel much better today./I must be off now. ( )5. He is out of danger.( )6. The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( )7. What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( )名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词
12、形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词定语：用来描述定语：用来描述_的品质和特征的品质和特征的修饰语的修饰语. This is a red car. The building is their teaching building. The woman doctor is my wife. I have something to tell you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. Every student has an English book.五、定语五、定语名词或代词名词或代词1.Its a red car.( )2.They live i
13、n the room above.( )3.My brother is a teacher.( )4.We belong to the third world.( )5.Lucys father is a poor worker.( )6.Mother made a birthday cake for me.( )7.The man under the tree is my teacher.( )8.The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( )形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词
14、名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词9.I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( )10.There are two things to be discussed today.（ ）11.Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ）12.This is the very book that I need. （ ）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句状语：修饰状语：修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副
15、词或或全全句句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 六、状语六、状语John often came to chat with me ( ) As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. （ ） She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. ( )My father worked in this school ten years ago. ( )Though he is young, he knows a l
16、ot.( )He came running.( )程度，目的程度，目的地点，伴随地点，伴随地点，时间地点，时间让步让步方式方式原因原因1. He is often late for class.( )2. We saw that picture at the cinema.( )3. He sat there smoking.( )4. They returned tired and hungry. （ ）5. They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ）6. Although he is young, he knows a
17、 lot. ( )7. The box is so heavy that I cant lift it. ( )副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句9.While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ）10.He was angry because we were late11.If it rains tomorrow,
18、we wont go out 补语：用于补充说明补语：用于补充说明主语或宾语主语或宾语的身的身份或特征。份或特征。七、补语七、补语Everyone calls him Jack. （宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主补）形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式 同位语：位于名词或代词后面，对前者进同位语：位于名词或代词后面，对前者进行补充说明或进一步解释，与前面的名词行补充说明或进一步解释，与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分 The Great
19、Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends. Im Li Hua, a middle school student from China. 八、同位语八、同位语英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句 (compound sentence)复合句复合句 (complex sentence)简单句的简单句的五种基本句型五种基本句型 英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一：基本句型一： 主谓主谓 基本句型二
20、：基本句型二： 主谓宾主谓宾 基本句型三基本句型三 ：主系表：主系表 基本句型四：基本句型四： 主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾 基本句型五：基本句型五： 主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补 There be句型句型基本句型一：基本句型一： 主语主语+谓语谓语主语主语谓语谓语ShecooksHeis workingWhat he saiddoes not matter.常见的不及物动词：常见的不及物动词：come,go,agree,disagree, arrive,appear,disappear,run , grow ,jump ,rise ,talk ,work, walk, ring,cry,smile,fa
21、ll, happen等等基本句型二：基本句型二： 主主+谓谓+宾宾主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语WeTheyHeShestudyare playingenjoyssaidEnglish everyday.football.reading.“Good morning.”常见的接单宾语的及物动词有：常见的接单宾语的及物动词有：hate,love,accept,use,admire,admit affect,announce,bury,defeat,destroy,protect,invent,discover,enjoy,explain,raise,supply等。等。基本句型三：主基本句型三：主+系系
22、+表表主语主语系动词系动词表语表语Heishappy.Everything looksnice. His faceturnedred.系动词：系动词：be; taste,smell,sound,look,feel; stay,remain,keep(可用被动语态可用被动语态)； get,turn,grow,go+bad/wrong/blind/ deaf等表不好的形容词。等表不好的形容词。基本句型四：主语基本句型四：主语+谓语谓语+间宾间宾+直宾直宾主语主语谓语谓语间宾间宾(人人)直宾（物）直宾（物）Igivehima book.My mother boughtmea pen yesterda
23、y.Ishowedhimmy picture.通常情况下，间接引语在前，直接引语在后。通常情况下，间接引语在前，直接引语在后。有时接引语也可改为由介词有时接引语也可改为由介词to或或for引起的引起的短语短语(to/for sb.)，放在直接引语的后面。，放在直接引语的后面。He gave her some money.=He gave some money to her.He bought her some flowers.=He bought some flowers for her.一般用介词一般用介词to,而而cook,make,buy,choose,get,sing常用介常用介词词f
24、or.基本句型五：主语基本句型五：主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补Wemust keepthe dooropen.The newsmakesmehappy.WecallhimJim.Hetoldme to wash the plates.Isawa thiefgoing into your room.1.接名词作宾补的动词：接名词作宾补的动词：name,call,make,think,consider等。等。2.接形容词作宾补的动词：接形容词作宾补的动词： keep,make ,find,think,declare等。等。3.接不定式作宾补的：接不定式作宾补的
25、：want/ask/tell/allow/force/advisesb. to dolet/see/watch/hear/make sb. dohelp sb.(to)do4.接现在分词作宾补的：接现在分词作宾补的：See/hear/watch/notice/find/keep/catch sb.doingThere be + 主语主语 句型句型1.可用可用live,stand,lie代替代替be2.There be 与与have的区别的区别There is a new pen in his pencil-box.He has a new pen.be的人称和数应与后面的主语保持一致。的人称和
26、数应与后面的主语保持一致。句子改错（来自于同学们写的句子）：句子改错（来自于同学们写的句子）：1.But it also very dangerous.2.Make friends from internet was good to us.3.Then we can talk with online friend free.4.If our online friend from other country.5.Some people think that students make some online friends is good for them.6.Because make frie
27、nds on line is useful.1. Im very like English.2. My favorite subjects including English and Chinese.3. The future life will become more and more better.4. There is Marry and Tom in the reading room.5. In their opinion, go to university is the only way to success.1.我很喜欢数学。我很喜欢数学。2.我的兴趣包括唱歌和跳舞。我的兴趣包括唱
28、歌和跳舞。3.你会越来越健康的。你会越来越健康的。4.办公室里有我的同班同学。办公室里有我的同班同学。5.在我看来，学好英语不难。在我看来，学好英语不难。考查一般现在时的经常性用法考查一般现在时的经常性用法1. I _ all the cooking for my family, but recently Ive been too busy to do it. (2010辽辽宁卷宁卷)A. will do B. do C. am doing D. had done 2. Every few years, the coal workers _ their lungs X-rayed to ens
29、ure their health. (2010上海卷上海卷) A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had B. 考查一般现在时表示客观事实的用法考查一般现在时表示客观事实的用法(1) The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _ that we may need nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. (2011江苏卷江苏卷) A. suggest B. suggests C. sugge
30、sted D. suggesting (2) Look at the pride on Toms face. He _to have been praised by the manager just now. (2011重庆重庆) A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming (3) Planning so far ahead _ no sense so many things will have changed by next year. (2011全国卷全国卷 ) A. made B. is making C. makes D. has ma
31、de C. 考查特殊句式中一般现在时的用法考查特殊句式中一般现在时的用法 (1) My parents have promised to come to see me before I _ for Africa. (2009辽宁卷辽宁卷) A. have left B. leave C. left D. will leave (2) Is everyone here? - Not yet. Look, there _ the rest of our guests! (2010 江苏卷江苏卷) Acome B. comes C. is coming D. are coming 1.My favo
32、rite subject is Math.2.My hobits /hobby includ sing and dance.3.You will better and better healthy.You will be healther and healther.4.There are my classmates in my office. The office have my classmates.5.In my opinion, study English well is easily.1.我很喜欢数学。我很喜欢数学。I like Math very much.2.我的兴趣包括唱歌和跳舞
33、。我的兴趣包括唱歌和跳舞。My interests include singing and dancing.3.你会越来越健康的。你会越来越健康的。You will be healthier and healthier.4.办公室里有我的同班同学。办公室里有我的同班同学。My classmates are in the office./In the office are my classmates.5.在我看来，学好英语不难。在我看来，学好英语不难。In my opinion, learning English well is easy/ not difficult.6.There have many students talking outside.7.He cost ten dollars for the book.8.She is confidence and patience9 Oliver Twist, the hero of the story, he was an orphan.10.The most people think so. 6. 操场上有很多来访者操场上有很多来访者7.那本字典花了他那本字典花了他98元元8.他很诚实和热心他很诚实和热心9.李明，我的同桌，是我的班长李明，我的同桌，是我的班长10.大多数同学都读过那个故事大多数同学都读过那个故事
