1、检索人：张源博、胡富田整理人：叶子萌PPT制作：武墨函、丁锦勤讲解人：刘铠恺Content Hans Vermeer and Skopos theoryChapter1 Chapter 2 three “skopos rules”Chpter3 comment on the Skopos theoryClick to add TitleChapter 1 Hans Vermeer and Skopos theory Part 1 Hans vermeer Prof. Dr. h.c. Hans-Josef Vermeer (September 24, 1930 - Heidelberg, Fe
2、bruary 4, 2010), German linguist and translation scholar. He was appointed Professor of General and Applied Linguistics at the University of Mainz in Germersheim (19711983). After that he held the chair of Translation Studies with special reference to Portuguese at Heidelberg University (19841992).
3、He was also a visiting professor at Leopold Franzens University in Innsbruck (19992002), Bosphorus University in Istanbul (20022003) and Okan University in Istanbul (20042008). He finally returned to the universities of Mainz and Heidelberg to teach in his final years. He established the skopos theo
4、ry.Part 2 翻译目的论的产生背景翻译目的论的产生背景 In 1970s, with the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics text theory) as well as communication theory in mind, Vermeer and other Skopos scholars started to view translation as
5、 a purposeful intercultural communicative acting between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator. Having been trained as an interpreter by Katharina Reiss, Vermeer took up general linguistics, then translation studies and also desired to break with linguistic translat
6、ion theory by proposing a new translation theory. Skopostheorie is explained in detail in the book A Framework for a General Translation Theory co-authored by Vermeer and Reiss in 1984.Part 3 The new theory Skopos theory What is skopos ? Skopos is the Greek word for aim or purpose and was introduced
7、 into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating .Skopos theorytranslation is a kind of action that has a purpose. The focal points of this theory lie in three aspects: substance of translation, participant
8、s of the process of translation and principles of functional concept of translation. It introduced the idea that a translation should always be conducted to fulfil the purpose of theTT（target text） in the TTs situation. The prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos)
9、of the overall translational action.大王有令,有破刺客长空者,赏千金,封千户侯。By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will receive gold and land.这句台词中,千金,千户侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信息,其译文应该是:By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will be awarded one thousand tales of gold and be dubbed marquis (爵候，世袭贵族）with a possession of
10、 one thousand households将千金译为gold,而不是one thousand tales of gold,将万户侯译为land而不是marquis with a possession of one thousand households,显然是删减了其中的文化信息,但基本意却都在,丝毫不影响观众对故事的理解。这样简单易懂的字幕就能使观众更充分的欣赏画面、色彩和精彩的武打场面。There is no such thing as time travel. 你穿越剧看多了吧。原意是“穿越这种事根本就不存在啊。”“穿越剧”在国内观众中是比较流行的剧种，译者直接用“穿越剧”来指代“
11、穿越”。产生幽默的作用The Skopos rule 目的规则Coherence (Intra-texual Coherence) 连贯规则The Fidelity rule( Inter-textual Coherence) 忠实规则/互文连贯性three “skopos rules” Chapter 2 目的论的基本原则目的论的基本原则 目的准则目的准则 目的准则指翻译应能在译语情境和文化中，按译语接受者期待的方式发生作用。决定翻译过程的根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的（skopos），即“结果决定方法”。这种目的有三种解释：1）译者的基本目的；2）译文的交际目的；3）特定翻译策略或手段要达到
12、的目的。但通常“目的”是指译文的交际目的。即翻译过程的发起者，决定译文的交际目的，发起者出于某一特殊需要，在理想状况下，他会给出需要译文的原因，译文接受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了“翻译要求”。 举例举例 We care to provide service above and beyond the call of duty.-ups 一问：殷勤有加，风雨不改（UPS快递） 若直译这则广告，应是“我们愿意提供高于或者超出责任感的服务”。虽然译文在语义和词义上都属于忠诚对等翻译，但四字结构“殷勤有加，风雨不改”更能向目的与消费者传达该公司的服务精神，
13、达到意义上的忠诚，是广告在目标文化的诱惑功能得以最大程度地实现。Coherence 连贯准则Coherence （Intratextual Coherence） : a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers situation, being part of the receivers situation.连贯准则是指译文必须考虑接受者的背景知识和实际情况， 最大限度地做到语义连贯， 以便译文接受者能够理解其义符合译入语的表达习惯。The target text mus
14、t be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. Translator should conform to the cannons and ethnic rules in the target language and culture, and reproduce the information offered in the source text in an acceptable and accessible
15、way to the target reader, taking their background knowledge and situational circumstances into account.The Fidelity Rule 忠实准则忠实准则 Fidelity rule (Intertextual Coherence) : a translation should be as faithful as possible to the original. 忠实准则是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系， 并不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。 There must be an inte
16、r-textual coherence between the source texts and target texts, which is similar to the fidelity to the source texts. 例1. Waterloo Bridge魂断蓝桥（直译为滑铁卢桥） 不仅避开了中国观众由于地域文化差异、历史背景知识缺乏而引起的迷惑;而且蓝桥蕴含着中国文化的特色,与牛郎织女的鹊桥相会相仿,能够使观众一看到片名就能心领神会,而且具有很高的审美价值。译者要把握观众的审美需求,达到形式美和内容美的统一以及要考虑到观众的心理需求。最终在实现电影片名翻译的目的:吸引观众看电
17、影。Relationships between the three rules It seems that Vermeer prescribes the hierarchical rule in line with action theory and literary reception theory: the Skopos is the boss, intratextual coherence the second and fidelity the lowest; the last two rules are subordinated to the Skopos of the transla
18、tion. 忠实准则服从于连贯准则，而这二者服从于目的准则。 Chapter 3 Comment on the Skopos theory advantages of skopos theory Advantage 1Translation is a DECISION MAKING process. The criteria for the decisions are provided by the skopos, i.e. the concrete purpose and aims in a concrete translation commission. 目的论提供给翻译界一个更为合理，科
19、学的判断标准。目的论摆脱了对等论的束缚，判断的标准不再是单纯目的语和源语之间纯文字间的对等，着重指出判断翻译的标准是目的语的目的达到与否。 Advantage 2 Its emphasis on the intentional nature of translation offers a new way of examining and choosing finished translations as well as opening new research avenues in translation reception and translator training. 目的论为广告文稿、
20、旅游介绍、政治文献、食品等实用文体的翻译奠定了理论基础。 Eg. Where there is a way, there is a toyota.车到山前必有路,有路就有丰田车 Apple thinks different. 苹果电脑,不同凡“想”。(苹果电脑) Advantage 3 Skopos theory has helped to bring the target text into focus. As a text, a translation is not primarily determined by a source text, but by its own skopos.
21、This axiom provides a theoretical argument for describing translations in terms of original text production and against describing them in the more traditional terms of EQUIVALENCE with another text in another language ( Jakobsen 1993:156). 它把翻译的定义拓宽了，使得翻译变成了一种语言和文化的双转换活动,创新了翻译理论。For exampleIs life
22、worth living?It depends upon the liver!生命值得活下去吗？那得看你怎么个活法。（ 那 得 看 你 是 否 心 满 意足。） Advantage 4 Translators have come to be viewed as target-text authors and have been released from the limitations and restrictions imposed by a narrowly defined concept of loyalty to the source text alone. 目的论提升了译者的地位。译
23、者根据翻译行为的目的从而决定译文的形式和内容。并授予了译者更为灵活、合理的翻译准则。 As attention has turned towards the functional aspects of translation and towards the explanation of translation decisions, the expertise and ethical responsibility of the translator have come to the fore. Criticism of skopos theory The emphasis on translat
24、ion purpose has also been the source of many of the objections to its use. Some objections concern the definition of translation and the relationship between source text and target text. Some come mainly from linguistically oriented approaches to translation that focus on bottom-up aspects of text p
25、roduction and reception. Objection 1 It neglected the source text too much, especially in terms of the STs linguistic features below text level. It is argued that, even though a translation may indeed fulfil its intended skopos perfectly well, it may nevertheless be assessed as inadequate on other c
26、ounts, particularly as far as lexical, syntactic, or stylistic decisions on the microlevel are concerned ( Chesterman 1994:153). 目的论对原文语言特色的关注不够，对译文在微观层面上的特点的关注也不够。翻译目的即使得到实现，个别地方在风格和语义层面上仍可能是不充分的。 Objection 2 Vermeers cultural approach has also been judged less applicable to literary translation, due to the special status of a literary work of art. 目的论只对非文学文本有效，文学文本要么没有具体目的，要么风格太复杂； Objection 3 功能理论导致惟利是图译者的产生。译者在翻译目的主导翻译过程的思想下，为了获取酬金，有可能不顾原文进行翻译。
