1、高考英语阅读词义推测题技巧摘要：高考英语全国卷阅读理解加大了对考生推测词义能力的考查.主要考查考生根据上下文推测词义和语义的能力，突出考查语境的分析和把握能力。在考试中要求考生能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，运用阅读策略，克服生词障碍，在有限的时间内快速获取和处理语篇中的信息，准确猜测词义。关键词：阅读猜词定义法对比法因果法构词法上下文近年来高考英语加大了对考生推测词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。猜词义，是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇提供的信息、行文逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某个生词、难词、关键词的词
2、义。英语词语的意义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也就不同。所以解决此类题目要掌握一定的猜词策略。这类试题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测、以及对it/they/them/that等代词的确指对象的判断等。设问方式主要有：1. Thephrasecouldbereplacedby.2. Thewordintheparagraphrefersto3. Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordintheparagraph?4. Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase、.”？5. .”asusedinthepa
3、ssagecanbestbedefinedas.做这种类型题的时候，首先要在文中找线索词曲轴可，然后根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，所以我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，笔者认为要掌握以下五种解题技巧。技巧1Definition定义法一般通过定义、解释、举例、破折号、定语从句、同位语从句等来确定词义。常见词有：mean,bedefinedas,thatis(tosay),becalled,inotherwords；forexample,forinstance,suchas,s
4、uch,like,include,consistof等。Ex.1Gettingthecoldshoulder”meansthatsomeoneisactuallyinawaythatmakesyoufeelunwanted.Theverywordscreateapicture:Youcanimagineafriendturningawaysothat,insteadofawarmgreeting,youreceiveonlyhisshoulder-acokshoulder.Theexpressionugettingthecoldshouldermeans.A.beingtreatedrudel
5、ybypayingnoattentiontoyouB.greetingyoufriendlyC.greetingyoubyrubbingshoulderswithyouD.feedingyoucoldmeat解析：根据means可以知道后面的宾语从句就是对划线短语的解释。“某人用一种你不想要的方式对待你”，后面进一步说明不是热情的问候。故选A。Ex.2WhenAndreaPetersonlandedherfirstteachingjob,shefacedthedauntingtaskofcreatingamusicprogramwithalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsu
6、ppliesinaclimatewherestandards-basedlearningwasthefocusandmusicjustprovidedabreakforstudentsandteachers.Theunderlineword“daunting”mostprobablymeans.A.discouragingB.interestingC.creativeD.unbearable解析：据同位解释推测。此处的Of表示同位关系，其后的动名词短语是说明dauntingtask的具体内容的。没有钱买乐器，而且音乐课也不受重视，因此，这是一个令人沮丧(discouraging)的任务。故选A
7、。技巧2Contrast对比法利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。常见的信号词：yet,but,while,though,however,otherwise,ontheonehand-ontheotherhand,foronethingfbranotherthing,insteadof等。Ex.3Onemorningmorethanthirtyyearsago,IenteredtheTrackKitchen,arestaurantwhereeveryonefromthehumblest（卑微的）tothemostpowerfulcameforbreakfast.Inoticedan
8、emptychairnexttoanelderly,unshavenman,wholookedsomewhatdisheveled.Hewaswearingaworn-outhatandwasalone.IaskedifImightjoinhim.HeagreedquietlyandIsatdowntohavemybreakfast.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disheveledmean?A.Unfriendly.B.Untidy.C.Gentle.D.Kind.解析：据近义推测。根据文中的近义词unshaven（未剃须的）以及worn-out（破烂的）可以猜出dis
9、heveled的含义是“不整洁的（untidy）”。Ex.4SomeofUSlookedwithoneeyeandheldupcertaincolorsagainsttheblackboard,rockingthesheetstotherightorleftwhileweconjuredupourdesigns.Otherstwistedtheirhairaroundtheirfingersorchewedtheireraserswhiledeepinthought.Theunderlinedphraseinparagraph3mostprobablymeans.A.formedanideaf
10、orB.madeanoutlineforC.madesomespaceforD.chosesomecolorsfor解析：上下句是Some.Other句式，whileweconjuredupourdesigns的对应部分是whiledeepinthought,可见conjuredup是deepinthought的近义表达,意为“思考，想象”,故选Ao技巧3Cause&Effect因果法从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。常见的信号词：because,since,as,for,dueto,so,therefore,so.that,such.that,thus等。Ex.5Whensomekindofp
11、ainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolourstumcdthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Theunderlinedpart“thecoloursturnedthecustomersoff,（inpara.3）meansthatthecoloursA.AttractedthecustomersstronglyB.HadweakeffectsonthecustomersC.Trickedthecustomersintoshoppi
12、ngD.Causedthecustomerstoloseinterest解析：根据because后面的原因“止痛药的颜色使它们看起来疗效不好”可以推测让顾客失去兴趣。故选D。技巧4WordFormation构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。常见的词缀有：super-（超）mini-（极小的，微小的）micro-（极微小的）re-（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）anti-（反对/反/抵抗）mass-（大量的/大规模的）sub-（亚/次的/地下的/海面下的）inter-（跨国的/相互的）max-（最大化的）under-（在之下/级别低于/不足）im-（不）u
13、n-（不，非）in-（不，非）non-（不，非）-able（能的）-less（不，无）-wards（向）等。Ex.6Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatoverconsumpthminthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotbringsomuchmaterialhomei
14、nthefirstplace.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thatover-consumptionreferto?A.Usingtoomuchpackaging.B.Recyclingtoomanywastes.C.Makingmoreproductsthannecessary.D.Havingmorematerialthanisneeded解析：由上文的“wealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed”很易选出D。但我们也可根据构词法来猜测：我们这过consume是动词，意为“消费，消耗，consumption应为其名词，前面加上over-
15、（超过）的over-consumption应为“过度消费，过度消耗”之意，故选D。技巧5Context上下文利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。这种提示常常是在划线的后面几句，但也有可能出现在前面一句甚至是前面的一个段落里。若上下文无任何提示句子或提示词语，最笨也是最有效方法就是将四个选项的词汇带进原文里进行翻译，翻译的最通顺达意的一那个选项往往就是最佳选项。Ex.7.Finally,renewableenergysourcesareusedeventhoughtheyareoftenexpensivetodevelop.Oneformoftheseisgeothermalenergy.Incer
16、tainpartsoftheworldthetemperatureoftheearthincreasesthirtydegreescentigradewitheachkilometerdown.Atsixkilometers,therefore,itrisestonearlytwohundreddegrees.Togettheheat,waterispumpeddownintotherocksandbackuptothesurface.Heatfromtheearthisalreadyusedincertaincountries.Theunderlinedwordsgeothermalener
17、gyinthethirdparagraphmeans.A.renewablesourceB.undergroundsourceC.heatinsidetheearthD.temperatureoftheearth解析：这一段讲的是renewableenergysources”的开发问题，并且举例geothermalenergy”是其中的一种，接下来文章进一步解释geothermalenergy,的形成及开发利用的方式。A、B、D三个选项指代的范围都太大，与下文对geothermalenergy的解释不完全一致，因此都可以排除。下文在解释了地内温度升高的一般规律后接着说“Togettheheat
18、,waterispumped（压;抽）downintotherocksandbackuptothesurface,并且说“Heatfromtheearthisalreadyusedincertaincountries.,因此，可以确定geothermalenergy指的是地热资源”，所以C选项是正确的。Ex.8.Manypeoplesay,“Iammuchyoungerthanmymother-ormyfather-wasatmyage.Noonesays“Actyourage“anymore.We,vestoppedlookingwithsurpriseatolderpeoplewhoact
19、inyouthfulways.“Actyourage“meanspeopleshould.A. beactivewhentheyareoldB. dotherightthingattherightageC. showrespectfortheirparentsyoungoroldD. takemorephysicalexercisesuitabletotheirage解析：这也是词义理解题。Actyourage”是第一段最后一句所提到的anideaofwhatkindofbehaviorissuitableatvariousages（在不同的年龄，什么样的行为是合适的），也就是B项所表示的：t
20、herightthingattherightage.此处的right就是suitable的意思。所以正确答案是B。阅读理解是一个长期训练的过程，只有持之以恒地加强针对性地训练，才能在高考中立于不败之地。俗话说：解题有法，要做好阅读理解，必须找出一定的方法，但每一个方法不一定适合所有的阅读理解题，所以必须要多读，多练，要勤于思考，更要学会巧读，同时也要探索和总结适合自己方法。在高考阅读猜词题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被己认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上
21、下文观念，要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。实践出真知，多练出效益，才能在高考中立于不败之地。小试牛刀：Passage1:Aman,spositionamongtheblack-tentpeopledependsonhisancestors,relatives,andfellowtribesmen.Iftheyarehonored,heisalsohonored.Iftheyaredisgraced,hetooisdisgraced.Thereforeonecarefullyguardsthehonorofhisfamily,hislineag
22、e（宗系），andhistribe.Theword“disgrace“meansinthistext.A.honorB.endangerC.proudD.shamePassage2：Therulerhadbeensocruelanddishonestthataftertherevolutionhewasbanished.AfewmembersoftheSenate（参议院）opposedthisdecision,butthemajorityvotedthattherulershouldleavethecountryforever.Theunderlinedword“banished”mean.
23、A.killedbystoningB.sentawayC.imprisonedD.punishedbywhippingPassage3:Myfirstjobwastodrivetheoxenthatploughedthecanefields.Iwouldwalkbehindanox,guidinghimwithabroomstick.For$1aday,Iworkedeighthoursstraight,withnofoodbreaks.Itwasverytediouswork,butitpreparedmeforlifeandtaughtmemanylastinglessons.Becaus
24、etheplantationownerswerealwayswatchingus,IhadtobeontimeeverydayandworkashardasIcould.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tedious”probablymean?A.interestingB.tiresomeC.relaxingD.challengingPassage4：Somefamilynamesweremadebyaddingsomethingtothefather,sname.English-speakingpeopleadded-sor-son.TheJohnsonsaredesce
25、ndantsofJohn;theRobertsfamily,sancestorwasRobert.Theunderlinedworddescendantsinthelastparagraphmeansaperson,s.A.latergenerationsB.friendsandrelativesC.colleaguesandpartnersD.latersponsorsPassage5：Afterafour-yearrelationshipwithamajorfortune100companybeginningasasalestraineeandendingasaregionalsalesmanager,Ileftthecompanyattheheightofmycareer.ManypeoplewereastoundedthatIwouldleaveafterearningasix-figureincome.AndtheyaskedwhyIwouldriskeverythingforadream.Theunderlinedword“astounded“means.A.verysadB.verysorryC.verypleasedD.greatlysurprisedKey：DBBAD
