1、TheBaroque is a period of artisticstyle that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style started around 1600 inRome,Italy and spread to most of Europe.Th
2、e popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by theRoman Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of theCouncil of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement. Thearistocracy also saw th
3、e dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumphant power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence.According to theOxford English Dictionary,
4、the wordbaroque is derived from the Portuguese word barroco, Spanish barroco, or French baroque, all of which refer to a rough or imperfect pearl, though whether it entered those languages via Latin, Arabic, or some other source is uncertain.巴洛克艺术是指16世纪后期开始在欧洲流行的一种艺术风格，不仅在绘画方面，巴洛克艺术代表整个艺术领域，包括音乐、建筑、
5、装饰艺术等。巴洛克（Baroque）此字源于西班牙语及葡萄牙语的变形的珍珠(barroco)。作为形容词，此字有俗丽凌乱之意。欧洲人最初用这个词指缺乏古典主义均衡特性的作品，它原是18世纪崇尚古典艺术的人们，对17世纪不同于文艺复兴风格的一个带贬义的称呼，现今这个词已失去了原有的贬义，仅指17世纪风行于欧洲的一种艺术风格。Adoration, byPeter Paul RubensA century ago, theEncyclopdia Britannica 11th edition, thought the term was derived from the Spanishbarrueco
6、, a large, irregularly-shaped pearl, and it was for a time confined to the craft of the jeweller. Others derive it from themnemonic term Baroco denoting, in logicalScholastica, a supposedly laboured form ofsyllogism.In informal usage, the wordbaroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with
7、 many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.The word Baroque, like mostperiodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th and early 18th centuries. It is a French transliteration o
8、f thePortuguese phrase prola barroca, which means irregularpearl, and natural pearls that deviate from the usual, regular forms so they do not have anaxis of rotation are known as baroque pearls.The term Baroque was initially used with a derogatory meaning, to underline the excesses of its emphasis.
9、 In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply contrasted the clear and sober rationality of theRenaissance. Although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earli
10、er in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the premire in October 1733 ofJean-Philippe RameausHippolyte et Aricie, printed in theMercure de France in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was du barocque, complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, wa
11、s filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.虽然巴洛克直指缺乏古典均衡性的艺术作品，但其实巴洛克艺术家，与文艺复兴的前辈相同，都很重视设计和效果的整体统一性，巴洛克风格以强调运动与转变为特点，尤其是身体和情绪方面的，同时，巴洛克也是对矫饰主义的一种反动。在欧洲文化史中，巴洛克惯指的时间是17世纪以及18世纪上半叶(约1600年 -1750年），但年份并不代表绝对的艺术风格，特别是建筑与音乐。
12、这一时期，上接文艺复兴(1452年 -1600年)，下接古典主义、浪漫时期。Trevi Fountain in Rome欧洲文化除旧布新，在各方面都有重大的改变与成就。资产阶级兴起，君主政治渐独立于宗教之外（但民主思想萌芽）。科学在伽利略、牛顿等人的开创下展开。艺术上趋势是世俗化，精力充沛，勇于创新，甚至好大喜功。文艺上的名家如莎士比亚、塞万提斯；绘画上有鲁本斯，伦勃朗等，影响都极深远。也在这时期，欧洲向外扩张殖民，渐渐占据了世界文明的中心。油画巴洛克画家的典型代表是法兰德斯的鲁本斯、荷兰的伦勃朗、西班牙的委拉斯盖兹、英国的凡戴克、意大利的贝尼尼和卡拉瓦乔等。他们的画作人体动势生动大胆，色彩明
13、快，强调光影变化，比文艺复兴时代画家还要更强调人文意识。鲁本斯的宗教画人体姿势动作激烈，色彩鲜明；伦勃朗的画作如同在舞台上，人物面部处于高光部位，与周围的阴影有强烈的对比；委拉斯开兹的宫女，背景中在窗外射入光线下工作的织女，曾经对后期浪漫主义画派画家产生很大的影响.巴洛克音乐指欧洲在文艺复兴之后开始兴起，且在古典主义音乐形成之前所流行的音乐类型，延续期间大约从1600年到1750年之间的150年。巴洛克（Baroque）一词来源于西班牙语和葡萄牙语Barocco，意指形态不够圆或不完美的珍珠，最初是建筑领域的术语，后逐渐用于艺术和音乐领域。在艺术领域方面，巴洛克风格的特征是精致细腻的装饰以及华
14、丽的风格，造成这种现象的主因，是因为巴洛克时期是贵族掌权的时代，富丽堂皇的宫廷里奢华的排场正是新的文化以及艺术的发展中心，而这个大环境的改变也直接的影响到了音乐家的创作。十七、八世纪宫廷乐师所写的音乐作品，绝大部分是为上流社会的社交所需而做，为了炫耀贵族的权势以及财富，当时的宫廷音乐必定得呈现出炫耀的音乐以及不凡的气度，以营造愉悦气氛。卡拉瓦乔是意大利画家，跟米兰画家培德查诺Simone Peterzano学画，并受威尼斯画派的影响。他在早期创作四组壁画：圣礼的争辩神学、雅典学派哲学、巴那斯山文学、法律，运用历史画的方法处理这些带有象征性的主题，反映当时教会人士的要求。其代表作包括西斯廷圣母、
15、自画像、教皇利奥十世像等。此外，还画了不少建筑设计图稿。他的早期作品多为静物画，另有一些戏剧化的小幅自画像，这些自画像混合有北方的明晰和威尼斯的朦胧感，对比强烈，描绘精细。晚年作品极其晦暗，某些作品已受损，但作品中直率的图像，朴实而深切，表现出一种新的，强烈的戏剧化情感。他革命性的表现技巧，使他卷入永无止境的论战里。这些非难，包括如祝卡洛Zuccaro等学院派后期矫饰主义画家对他的反对，主要在于他那生动的写实精神，采用时装及现实背景，排斥理想化，及繁复的内容等。圣马太蒙召唤The Calling of St. Matthew圣马太与天使The Inspiration of St. Matthe
16、w圣马太殉教The Martyrdom of St. Matthew圣保罗的死难The Conversion of St. Paul圣彼得被钉上十字架The Crucifixion of St. Peter埋葬基督The Entombment 1602 1604年油彩画布，300 x 203公分梵蒂冈美术馆，罗马Rome，意大利圣母之死部分The Death of the Virgin 1605 1606年油彩画布，369 x 245公分罗浮宫，巴黎Paris，法国Judith Beheading Holofernes 15981599.Galleria Nazionale dArte Ant
17、ica, RomeThe Seven Works of Mercy, 16061607,Pio Monte della Misericordia,NaplesSupper at Emmaus, 1601. Oil on canvas, 139 195 cm (55 77 in).National Gallery, LondonThe Cardsharps(c. 1595, shown left)Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio - Supper at Emmaus (detail)Sir Peter Paul Rubens (Dutch pronunciati
18、on: ryb(n)s; 28 June 1577 30 May 1640), was aFlemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagantBaroque style that emphasized movement, colour, and sensuality. He is well-known for hisCounter-Reformation altarpieces,portraits,landscapes, andhistory paintings of mythological and allegorical su
19、bjects.In addition to running a large studio inAntwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educatedhumanist scholar, art collector, and diplomat who wasknighted by bothPhilip IV, King of Spain, andCharles I, King of England.鲁本斯
20、是法兰德斯派画家、版画家。他擅长神话、历史、宗教及风俗画，同时，也精于肖像画及风景画。1600年，鲁本斯远赴意大利，在威尼斯，他临摹了提香Tiziano Vecellio、丁多列托Jacopo Robusti Tintoretto及维洛内些Paolo Veronese的作品，将大师的造形与构图观念消化后，纳入个人风格之中。1608年，鲁本斯母病危，他立刻赶回安特卫普，从此鲁本斯即留居于法兰德斯，并受法兰德斯大公封为宫廷画家，并成为罗马风格画家公会之一员。一直到1612年止的一段时期可谓为鲁本斯的狂飙运动时期。在此期间，画中的造形极度夸张，而尺寸亦放大。Self-portrait, 1623,N
21、ational Gallery of Australia,Rubens andIsabella Brant in theHoneysuckle Bower, 160910.Alte Pinakothek, MunichEquestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma, 1603,Museo del Prado, Madrid. Painted during Rubenss first trip to Spain in 1603The Virgin and Child Adored by Angels, 1608, oil on slate and copper.
22、 This is the central panel depictingThe Virgin and Child Adored by Angels above the High Altar,Santa Maria in Vallicella, RomeThe Elevation of the Cross, 161011. Central panel.Cathedral of Our Lady, AntwerpPeter Paul Rubens andFrans Snyders,Prometheus Bound, 161112. Philadelphia Museum of ArtThe Exc
23、hange of Princesses, from the Marie de Medici Cycle. Louvre, Paris四位哲学家The Four Philosophers1611 1612年油彩画布，164 x l39公分皮蒂宫，佛罗伦萨Florence，意大利Hippopotamus Hunt (1616). Rubens is known for the frenetic energy and lusty ebullience of his paintings爱的花园Garden of Love1633年油彩画布198 x 283公分普拉多美术馆，马德里Madrid西班牙Si
24、r Anthony van Dyck (Dutch pronunciation: vn dk, many variant spellings;2 22 March 1599 9 December 1641) was aFlemish Baroque artist who became the leadingcourt painter inEngland. He is most famous for his portraits ofCharles I of England and his family and court, painted with a relaxed elegance that
25、 was to be the dominant influence onEnglish portrait-painting for the next 150 years. He also paintedbiblical andmythological subjects, displayed outstanding facility as a draftsman, and was an important innovator inwatercolour andetching.范戴克是法兰德斯画家，巴洛克宫庭肖像画的创造者。当他在14岁时便当上鲁本斯Rubens的首席助理。在大师的影响之下，他修改
26、了早期羞涩、粗犷的风格，而开始使用细致的色调。1621年，他前往意大利，在热那亚和罗马停留了极长的时间，并且创作了许多出色的肖像画，它们在个性的刻划上虽不如鲁本斯来得有力量，但对被画者的特性有敏锐的掌握，他表现了一种永恒的格调，反应出他内在的忧郁。1627年，范戴克回到安特卫普Antwerp，1630年被布鲁塞尔的西班牙皇室封为宫廷画家，并且画了许多肖像，又完成了多建教堂所委托的杰作。范戴克Sir Anthony Van Dyck1599 16411932年，范戴克迁至伦敦，被英王查理一世封为爵士，命为首席画家。他在英国九年间的肖像画作品相当不少，其中最为有名的是国王查理一世的三幅肖像画、查理
27、一世的三个孩子The Three Eldest Children of Charles I 等，这些作品为英国肖像画的伟大传统创设了一个典范。Genoan hauteur from the Lomelli family, 1623Self-portrait, 1613-14The more intimate, but still elegant style he developed in England, ca 1638King Charles I, ca. 1635 Louvre - see textHenrietta Maria and thedwarf,Sir Jeffrey Hudso
28、n, 1633This triple portrait of King Charles I was sent to Rome forBernini to model a bust onElena Grimaldi, Genoa 1623Rest of the Holy Family during theFlight into Egypt (around 1630)Alte Pinakothek,MunichQueen Henrietta Maria, London 1632Charles I with M. de St Antoine (1633)Equestrian Portrait of
29、Charles I, c.1637-8Amor and Psyche, 1638查理一世狩猎像Charles I of England at the Hunt1635年 油彩画布，266 x 207公分罗浮宫，巴黎Paris，法国查理一世的三个孩子The Three Eldest Children of Charles I1635年 油彩画布，151 x 154公分莎芭达画廊，杜林Torino，意大利A Family Group, c. 1634-35, oil on canvas,The Detroit Institute of ArtsJames Stuart, Duke of Richm
30、ond, ca. 1637Georges de La Tour (March 13, 1593 January 30, 1652) was a French Baroque painter, who spent most of his working life in theDuchy of Lorraine, which was temporarily absorbed into France between 1641 and 1648. He painted mostly religiouschiaroscuro scenes lit by candlelight.拉突尔是法国传统画家，他最
31、著名的是以烛光作为光源所画出来的景。他的作品深受意大利画家卡拉瓦乔Caravaggio的影响，尤其是有关光影的部分；另外，他也受到了荷兰画家Hendrick Terbrugghen和Gerrit van Honthorst的影响。他的夜景通常只用一盏烛光为光源，因此强烈的表现出亮度和阴影的差距。他晚年的作品演变出一种人像风格，画里的人体都简约成最单纯的几何造型，并且安置得详静平和，是法国古典主义的表现。He often painted several variations on the same subjects, and his surviving output is relatively
32、small. His son tienne was his pupil, and distinguishing between their work in versions of La Tours compositions is difficult. The version of theEducation of the Virgin, in theFrick Collection in New York is an example, as the Museum itself admits. Another group of paintings (example left), of great
33、skill but claimed to be different in style to those of La Tour, have been attributed to an unknown Hurdy-gurdy Master. All show older male figures (one group in Malibu includes a female), mostly solitary, either beggars or saints.St Joseph, 1642,LouvreTheHurdy-Gurdy Player, c.1631-1636,Muse des Beau
34、x-Arts de NantesDice-players, ca. 1651, probably his last work. Preston Hall Museum,Stockton-on-Tees, UKThe Cheat with the Ace of Clubs, c. late 1620s,Kimbell Art Museum,Fort Worth, Texas. Another version is in the Louvre.Magdalen with the Smoking Flame, c. 1640,Los Angeles County Museum of ArtThe F
35、ortune Teller, 1633-1639,Metropolitan Museum of ArtThe Dream of St. Joseph, c. 1628-1645,Muse des Beaux-Arts de NantesNativity, 1644,LouvreSt Sebastian tended by St Irene, 1649, ParishBroglie FranceThe Newborn Christ, c. 1645-1648,Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes圣母受教育The Education of the Virgin1650年 油彩画布，84 x 100公分弗立克美术图书馆，纽约New York，美国St Jerome (Hurdy-gurdy group), c. 1624-1650,Nationalmuseum,Stockholm李常生Eddie Lee Taipei R.O.C 数据源：视觉素养学习网、 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia、谨向历史上所有的画家致敬。I have the honor to pay tribute to all the painters in the history.谨向全世界得画家致敬。
