1、 图表作文 书信Types58%30%12%1999 2000 xxxxxxxxxtablepie graphbar graphline graph图图 表表 作作 文文 题题 型型 概概 述述1、给出一张统计表或图形，要求首先描述图表的内容，然后对图表所反映的现象进行分析和阐释，最后再提出自己的观点、看法或建议方案等；2、从1990年到2008年，历年六级作文题中出现了7篇图表作文。图表包括pie chart（表示各种事物在总数中所占比例），line graph（表示一种事物上升或下降的趋势），bar graph（表示几种事物在同一时期上升或下降的情况，table（表示多种事物之间的关系）。
2、3、图表作文至少包括描述图表与解释原因两个部分，但描述部分长度一般不要超过解释部分。(Practice Test 10) 图表作文是一种特殊的提示作文，即提示以图表的形式出现，提示的信息隐含在图表之中。考生必须先仔细研读图表，使图表中的数据、曲线、图形等成为与短文标题相关并能为我所用的有意义的信息。 考生读图时务必要把握表层信息和深层含义这两方面的内容，主要考的是考生对图表深层次信息（原因、根源、发展可能等）的挖掘和阐述。 这类作文都可以采用下列统一的标准提纲: 1.现状图表揭示的表面现象 2.原因引起图表表面现象的深层次社会根源 3.发展趋势或启示图表所表述的现象的发展前景（或趋势）及从中我
3、们得到的启示 写图表作文时要注意两点： 第一，在描述时，不要“面面俱到”，但要“类类俱到”，即不要把每一项的每一个数据都描述一遍，但一定要把每一项都提到。对于数据的描述，要特别注意选择那些变化最大，最典型，最能说明问题的数据，要在这些数据上做文章。 第二，论点要简单明确，要说明一个问题，而不是几个，而且必须是你所选择的数据所表现出来的问题。因此，写前必须明确下列问题：一 图表作文发展的历史背景 图表作文在四六级98年6月四六级作文合题之前共出现过五次，其中六级四次（均为chart），四级一次(为table)。合题从98年月始到03年1月止，共十次，只是在02年6月考过一次图表作文。之后分题之后
4、，六级在03年6月与9月连续两次考察了图表作文 图表作文历来被认为是一种相对高级的写作形式，所以早期多在六级出现。 图表题（table, bar graph, pie chart, line graph）写作逻辑结构： Paragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写； （2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。 Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）； （2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。 Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法； （2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点2006年6月17日大学英语六级考试作文题目 题目：
5、国外旅游 1。近十年来某城市越来越多人选择出去旅游 2。出现这种现象的原因 3。这种现象可能产生的影响 表格： 199520002005 1万人近4万12万以上 The above bar chart vividly indicates an upward trend in the number of people who prefer to travel abroad over the last decade. In 1995, there are only 10,000 tourists traveling abroad in X city. In 2000, the figure rea
6、ched approximately 40,000, and peaked at 120,000 in 2005. There are several reasons for the shocking rise. Foremost, the development of Chinese economy is probably the main reason. Thanks to the deepening of reform and opening up, peoples living standard has been considerably improved. The enormous
7、consuming power people boast makes it possible for them to travel abroad. Also, the past decade witnessed the great development of tourism. Both inbound and outbound travels are available in every travel agency. In addition, the whole world is becoming a small village, so individuals today are expec
8、ted and encouraged to go outside to widen their horizon and to face the real world of globalization. They hope to have direct contact with exotic cultures around the world. This phenomenon has two sides too. For one thing, it will bring lots of benefits. It will help enhance the mutual understanding
9、 between countries. It will boost the tour industry both at home and abroad. For another, the uncivilized behavior of some Chinese tourists may have a negative impact on Chinas image. Part Writing 30 minutes Directions： For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic
10、 Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below 1、上图所示为、上图所示为1990年、年、1995年、年、2002年某校大学生事业计算机的年某校大学生事业计算机的情况，请描述其变化；情况，请描述其变化； 2、请说明发生这些变化的原因、请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明展等方面加以说明)； 3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使
11、用中有什么困难或问题。、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 Student Use of ComputersHours a week2002年6月CET考题Sample 1 Student Use of Computers Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharp
12、ly. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours; while in 2002, the number soared to 20 hours. Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast develop
13、ment of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them. Along with the time spent on computers, there arise som
14、e problems. The most serious one is that many students are spending so much time playing PC games so that they ignore their studies. It is urgent to let the students use computers in a proper way. Writing Strategies 图表数据的描述 不管是chart还是table，都必须进行描述，而且最好放在文章的第一部分，且长度不宜过短（根据具体情况而定），也不要太长（一般不要超过第二段的长度）。
15、在第一段的处理上总结规律、切中要害（引用数字要见机行事），而不要过细，面面俱到，或者直接得出规律而完全抛开数据。 Writing Steps Paragraph One 图表题的适用句型： 第一部分描述图表常用句型常用句型 As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram, . The chart/ graph shows/ displays that . As can be shown in the table ., The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal th
16、at ., It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table that . As is shown in the graph 如图所示 The graph shows that 图表显示 As can be seen from the table, 从表格中可以看出 From the chart, we know that 从这张表中,我们可知 All these data clearly prove the fact that 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即 The increase of . In the city has reached to 20
17、%. .在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况. Paragraph Two 第二部分常用句型 过渡句Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. 主题句 Topic Sentence We believe that three reasons can account fo
18、r this phenomenon. I believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon. In my mind, the reasons why the Internet surfers are on the rise are as follows. Three reasons, I firmly believe, can account for this phenomenon. 插入语属于看似平淡却极富功力的技巧 在主题句之后，就可以使用连接词来分两个、三个或四个方面来写了，其中分三个方面来写是最常见的。这里就与普通的说
19、明文与议论文一样了可以由最重要的到最不重要的，也可以由最不重要的到最重要的，也可能平行分布，主要依情况而定，不一而足。 E.g. In the first place, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid development of the internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in remote places through the internet. In the seco
20、nd place, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enable more students to purchase them.Paragraph Three 第三部分：如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么这一段很可能是谈解决办法，这种可能性最大。 如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么这一段很可能是两种情况可能写负面的影响或存在的问题（这就很象利弊类的文章了），或者写未来趋势或发展方向（更有可能），后面这种情况写得不会也不宜长，有时一句话即可。 Example 1：Changes in Peoples
21、Diet19861987198819891990Grain51%49%46%43%35%Milk10%11%11%12%15%Meat19%20%22%23%23%Fruit and vegetable20%20%21%22%27%Total100%100%100%100%100%图表分析 这张表总体反映了1986年至1990年五年中人们饮食结构方面的变化情况。 1. 粮食消费量在逐渐下降，五年间减少了四个百分点； 2. 牛奶和肉食的消费量在逐渐增加； 3. 水果蔬菜的消费量呈下降趋势。 反映总趋势：人们的饮食结构正在以粮食为主向肉奶蛋高能量的方向转化。 1. 五年中经济收入的增长使生活水平提
22、高，人们能够消费得起价格较高的肉奶食品； 2. 生活水平的提高使人们已不再满足于吃饱肚子，而开始注重有益健康的科学饮食。结论： 以上分析表明，人们饮食结构将会朝着更科学，更合理，更营养的趋势发展。原因分析 Sample （简述图表信息）As can be seen from the table, (中心）great changes have been taking place in peoples diet over the period from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain has decreased by 4%, while the con
23、sumption of high quality food, such as milk and meat, has increased steadily. (原因分析）There are chiefly two reasons，I think, for the changes. In the old days, people could not often afford meat and milk whose price was only within reach of well-to-do families. But now, with the improvement of living s
24、tandard, most people have enough money to buy them. And people of today also pay more attention to nutrition. They want to eat not only more but also better. They are seeking the most reasonable diet structure which will do good to their health. (结论）In short, with the improvement of peoples living s
25、tandard, changes in their diet will be more obvious and great. OutlineChanges in the Way of Travel(1) 下图所示为某城市1990年至2003年间人们旅行乘车方式的变化，请描述其变化(2) 简述你从中得出的结论Mode of traveling19902003By air8%25%By train58%35%By car10%32%By bike24%8%Total100%100%Example 2: Changes in the Way of TravelTemplate The chart d
26、escribes （点题） .（概括描述）. As is shown in the chart, （具体描述某方面） . What do these changes show? (得出结论). Sample The table shows the changes in the way people travel. During the years between 1990 and 2003, the number of people traveling by train, by air and by private car has changed a great deal. Sample As
27、 can be seen from the table, there are two remarkable tendencies: one is the rate of traveling by air, and the other is that by private cars. The former rose from 8% in 1990 to 25% in 2003, while the latter from 10% to 32%, both increasing more than 3 times. The table also shows that the number of p
28、eople traveling by train decreased by 23% though it is still their first choice.Sample I think two things caused the changes. First, people are better off. They can afford to travel by air or in their own cars. Second, traveling by train is still favored by the majority, since it is cheaper. So, we
29、may predict that as peoples living standard is improving, trains, cars and planes will be three main forms of transportation for long-distance travel.Useful Expressionsincreasedecrease(1)(2)(3)(4)rise dramaticallyincrease steadilydrop sharplyfall graduallyUseful Expressionsincreasedecreaseincrease r
30、ise jumpdramaticallyrapidlysignificantlysuddenly sharply slightlygraduallysteadilydecrease declinedropfallUseful Expressions S + V + Obj.doubletreble(1) This country has doubled her annual output of steel during the post-war years.(2) The enemys force trebles ours.是过去的是过去的 2倍，倍，增加了增加了1 倍倍是过去的是过去的 3倍
31、，倍，增加了增加了2 倍倍Useful Expressions S + V + times + (1) The gross value of industrial output last year was estimated to be 2.5 times that of 2000.（工业总产值）(2) By that time they will produce three times as much grain as they did in 2001.(3) The foreign trade turnover increased 3.5 times compared with 2002.
32、（对外贸易总额）that ofas + adj. (sth.) + asUseful Expressions S + be + times / % + S + V + (by) + % (1)The agricultural output for 2006 is estimated to be 51% up on 1996.(2)The grain output was two times over that of 1993.(3)In 1980 crude oil production rose (by) 150 per cent compared with 1975.up onOver比较
33、级比较级 + than增加了多增加了多少倍少倍 / 百百分之几分之几应应 用用 文文 题题 型型 概概 述述1、2004年大学英语考试委员会明确声明：“以后的国内英语考试侧重考查考生英语的实际运用能力。”由此以来，应用文成了四、六级的一个重点题型，从1990到2008年，历年六级作文考题中共出现了5次应用文；2、常见的应用文包括常见的应用文包括书信、通知、便条、启事、请柬、申请书和说明书等，书信包括投诉信、咨询信、道歉信、邀请信、感谢信等； 信函信函 英文书信是典型的应用文写作，英文书信大抵可分为私人信函与公务信函两大类。公务信函一般为单位之间或单位与个人之间就某些非个人事务而往来的信件。私人
34、信函则是亲朋好友之间就个人事务、情感交流而往来的信件。公务信函比较讲究格式和语体。 信函的写作主要涉及信函必须遵循的特殊格式，另外英文信函还讲究个“A、B、C”。A即Accuracy-准确，B即Brevity-简洁，C即Clarity清晰。英文信函的格式。英文书信通常由七个部分组成。它们是信封、信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾套语和署名。 除信封独立于其他六个部分之外，其他六个部分均出现在信纸上。 信笺包括：信头 信内地址 称呼 正文 结尾客套 署名 信头。指发信人地址及日期。位于信笺右上方，先写地址，最后一行写日期。 信内地址。指收信人姓名、地址。信头下隔行靠信笺左侧。公务信函必须写信头和信
35、内地址。 称呼。指对收信人的称谓语。信内地址下隔行顶格书写。 正文。指书信的主体内容。这部分与汉语书信相同。 结尾客套。指写信人的谦称。正文下方23行从中间偏右处开始书写。常用的谦称客套有（需大写首字母）:Yours Faithfully或Faithfully Yours， Yours Truly或Truly Yours，Yours Sincerely或Sincerely（Yours），Yours Ever，Yours Respectfully等。 署名。指写信人最后落笔。位于结尾套语下方。 范文.公务信函求职信（信头、信内地址略）: Directions: For this part, yo
36、u are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on the University President about the Canteen Service on CampusCampus. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in C
37、hinese below: 假设你是李明,请你就本校食堂的状况给校长一封信,内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量,价格,环境,服务等,可以是表扬,可以是批评建议,也可以兼而有之.2002年1月六级真题 I am a sophomore majoring in Civic Engineering. I am writing to you to say something about the canteen service on campus. When stepping into the bright and spacious canteen, we are immediately attracted by
38、 the white rice and the smell of various dishes. The service persons are always smiling and fairly enthusiastic for their work. But we get a little surprised when paying for the food, because its price is twice that of the university nearby. The high price is the biggest obstacle for us to have a de
39、licious meal. On this account a number of students have to choose the food that is cheap and with little nutrition. It is unhealthful to our health and reduces the effectiveness in our learning. So it is advisable to drop the food price in our canteen. As to what percentage of price should be reduce
40、d, a student poll may be helpful. I am one of thousands of the students who are zealous to see our university take efforts to reduce the price. Yours respectfully, Li MingJanuary 12th, 2002Dear Mr. President,Dear Mr. Smith, Thank you very much for your job offer. I was very delighted and excited to
41、know that you granted me this position in your company. And its really my honor to have the chance to work for you. But regretful enough, I must say sorry to you, since I just get the information that I am admitted by the graduate school. As I mentioned at the interview that I had attended that exam
42、 half a year ago, but I didnt know the result at that time. Yesterday I just received the admission notice from the school. I think you also agree that it is a precious chance for me to purseu my study and enrich my life. So, to my heartfelt sorry, I have to abandon the opportunity to work in your c
43、ompany. But I cannot deny that your company is really a wonderful place for me to work in, so if it is possible, I sincerely hope I could work for you in the near future. I will appreciate it very much if you can grant me understanding and forgiveness. Wish your company a promising future. Sincerely
44、 yours, Li MingDear Mr.Cavendish， I saw your advertisement in the local paper this evening，and I wonder if you would consider me for a job as a waiter this summer. I am seventeen years old and at present am studying for my A levels in English and economics.When I leave school，I will hope to take a c
45、ourse in hotel management.During the school holidays last summer，I worked as a waiter at the Central Hotel.The head waiter there，Mr.Macintosh，will be pleased to send you a recommendation for me. I would prefer to work in your hotel in Filey because it is near my home. However，if there isnt any job there for me，perhaps you could consider me for the Scarborough Hotel. I would be pleased if you will send me information about the pay and conditions of the job to be offered.I will be free to begin work in the fourth week of July when the school holidays start. Yours Sincerely， Peter Tuck
