1、Water-related ecosystem services in Western Siberian lowland basinsAnalysing and mapping spatial and seasonal effects on regulating services based on ecohydrological modelling resultsCONTENTSPART ONEPART TWOPART THREEPART FOURPART FIVEIntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusions PART
2、 ONEIntroduction Recently, ecosystems or human-environmental-systems in general, are more and more studied within the light of the ecosystem services (ESS) concept, which is intended to act as a suitable approach to value and manage ecosystems. Ecosystem services are defined as “the contributions of
3、 ecosystems in combination with other inputs to human wellbeing” Several methods have been developed to value ecosystem services. Considering hydrological landscape processes, directly water-related ecosystem services can be identified using indicators such as biomass, soil water content, groundwate
4、r discharge into reach, groundwater recharge, soil loss, sediment yield, etc. . Modelling is a widely applied method for quantification and visualisation as several interlinked processes shape water-related ecosystem services. The objectives of this study are the development of a suitable indicator
5、set, its application to address hydrological landscape processes and the mapping of selected regulating ecosystem services in three basins of different sizes in Western Siberia.As all basins are mainly agriculturally used, water availability and water erosion are important aspects in land use manage
6、ment. Therefore, water flow regulation and water erosion regulation are relevant water-related ecosystem services which can be modelled with available hydrological models.PART TWOMaterial and Methods The study area is located in the Western Siberian lowlands in Tyumen , Russian Federation (Fig. 1).
7、The province Tyumens land cover/use is dominated by agriculture , forests and peatlands. In this study, we selected the three river basins Pyshma, Vagai and Loktinka . Study area and investigation period2.1Location The land cover of Pyshma is dominated by forest and agriculture.Forest cover amounts
8、to 49% .Vagai with best soil qualities has also a highly developed and profitable agriculture . Forest covers 23% of the area . Loktinka has the highest agricultural intensity and productivity throughout the Tyumen. The area is characterised by soil salinisation. Forest cover amounts to 23.5% . Stud
9、y area and investigation period2.1DifferenceThe climate in all basins is continental. Mean annual precipitation is 482.2mm, and average annual minimum and maximum temperatures range between 2.4C and +7.3C, respectively . Hydrology is characterised by a high seasonal variability. Snowmelt in April an
10、d May causes very high river water levels, maximum runoff and flooding . Rain events in summer have no considerable influence on water levels in the rivers due to high evapotranspiration and dry soils. Study area and investigation period2.1Seasonal variabilityDue to the strong seasonality, four diff
11、erent time segments were selected:I)annual mean of 20052010 based on monthly values (n=72),II)April/May which is the period of snowmelt,III)July which is the month with highest evapotranspiration during the vegetation period,IV)November which is the month with most snowfall.(II)(IV) were calculated
12、as average monthly values for the years 20052010 of each corresponding month (each n=6). Study area and investigation period2.1In this study, analyses were conducted for the time period 20052010 to obtain information on the current status in the three basins. This period constitutes a phase of stabl
13、e growth in agriculture. Study area and investigation period2.1Investigation periodSWATSWAT model set-up and output variablesThe SWAT modelSimulated data for ecosystem service analyses2.2The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to simulate ecohydrological output variables which can be used as ind
14、icators to address water-related ecosystem services.The SWAT model is a river basin-scale model which can simulate the water balance, nutrients and pesticides, field erosion, plant growth cycles, management practices and water bodies in a daily time step for continuous simulations over long time per
15、iodsThe SWAT model2.2.1SWATSWAT model set-up and output variablesThe SWAT modelSimulated data for ecosystem service analyses2.2The necessary input data for the model set-up include a digital elevation model (DEM), soil and land use maps and their corresponding data bases, as well as climate data. Th
16、e basins were subdivided into subbasins and further into HRUs (Table 1).HRUs are Hydrological Response Units with the same soil, land use and slope combination.SWAT model set-up and output variables2.2.1Eleven parameters were used for calibration purposes. They cover the main processes in the study
17、area such as snow , groundwater/evaporation and surface runoff. The model performance is shown inTable 1.PART TWO 模型介绍产水量水土保持水质净化碳储量评估模型InVEST模型SWAT模型PART TWO 模型介绍PART TWO 模型介绍支持其他生态系统服务功能而并不直接为人类提供惠益的功能直接能使人类受益的生态系统服务功能。促进生态系统服务分析工具，是方便其他模型计算的辅助性模块支持功能最终服务功能辅助型工具多模块 InVEST3.X 版本，模型应用“供给、服务和价值”框架将生态
18、生产功能和生态服务功能相连接，其中“供给”指生态系统所提供的生态产品，但是只有当其与人类的需求相符的时候才能称之为“服务”，而“价值”则是人类对于这种服务供需关系的一种体现。根据这一原理，将InVEST 模型中的各模块归入3 个初级目录之中。PART TWO 模型介绍产水量水土保持水质净化碳储量PART THREEResultsPART THREE Results3.1 Mean model results and indicators All water flow variables showed highest values in April/May, and lowest values
19、in November . However, for the Pyshma Basin highest water flow components were calculated, followed by the Vagai Basin. Only soil water content was highest in Vagai Basin, followed by Loktinka Basin .The simulated mean sediment yield was lowest in the Loktinka Basin, and highest in the Pyshma Basin
20、. In April/May highest mean values occur; in November no sediment yield was simulated as mean value of all HRUs in Vagai and Loktinka Basins . PART THREE Results3.1 Mean model results and indicators The Vagai Basin showed the highest values in April/May for surface runoff and groundwater flow , wher
21、eas the Pyshma Basin had the highest values for lateral flow in April/May as well as for surface runoff and groundwater flow concerning the 6-years average. The Loktinka Basin mostly had the lowest values . The only exception is the soil water content.The Pyshma Basin had the lowest values. The high
22、est values occurred in April/May and in November in the Loktinka and Vagai Basins and consequently, also for the 6-years average .PART THREE Results3.1 Mean model results and indicators For the Pyshma Basin a 6-years average of 4.3 was obtained because of very high water flow regulation in July and
23、November, in April/May it was a bit lower. The Vagai Basin showed for the 6-years, November and July averages of 4.3 and 4.6,respectively, due to values of 5 for surface runoff and lateral flow. Also the Loktinka Basin had 6-years-, November- and July averages between 4.5 and 4.8, due to very high w
24、ater flow regulation for all single flow components except soil water content. Analysing the erosion regulation, both, Vagai and Loktinka Basins, had mean values of all HRUs and all seasons of 5, indicating very high regulation flows, due to no or low erosion rates. This is similar in the Pyshma Bas
25、in (4.8) , only in April/May it was a bit lower. PART THREE Results3.2 Spatial patterns of water flow and erosion regulating services PART THREE Results3.2 Spatial patterns of water flow and erosion regulating services PART FOURDiscussionPART FOUR DiscussionData and model uncertaintyEcosystem servic
26、es quantification and visualisationSpatial distribution Seasonal variationsThe SWAT model and the matrix approach-based ecosystem service valuation method are subject to some limitations and uncertainties , which need to be considered in decision-making and land use planning.PART FIVEConclusions PAR
27、T FIVE Conclusions This analysis shows the importance of seasonal differentiation within these Siberian river basins with high seasonal variance of climate and hydrology . But annual mean values avoid a suitable assessment of the prevailing physiographic, hydrologic and climatic characteristics. Thi
28、s study is a reasonable approach to provide spatio-temporal patterns of different river basins which can be used by stakeholders for further discussion and planning of sustainable land management.THANK YOU FOR WATCHINGPART ONE 选题背景点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字
29、，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART ONE 选题背景点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体
30、、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部
31、“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART FOUR Discussion4.1 Discussion of methodologyThe SWAT model is subject to the problems of nonlinearity, of scale, of uniqueness, of equifinality , and of uncertainty in hydrological modelling. But after several decades of model development, it has em
32、erged as one of the most widely used watershed- and river basin-scale models worldwide addressing a wide range of water resource problems. Furthermore , the SWAT model has gained international acceptance as a robust interdisciplinary watershed modelling tool .In this study, the SWAT model performanc
33、e is well and can be used for further analyses. The resolution and quality of the model input data are always relevant for the model output. In previous studies, found that the SWAT model output was most affected by DEM data resolution. In our model set-ups, maps were used with the best spatial reso
34、lution that was available for the study. Due to the different basin sizes, it was necessary to use maps of different map scales for the Pyshma Basin than for Vagai and Loktinka Basins. The analysis showed, however, that the map scale in this study was not crucial.4.1.1 Data and model uncertaintyPART
35、 FOUR Discussion4.1 Discussion of methodologyThe class sizes are so large but the maps show clearly the critical times in which ecosystems and agricultural land provide no protection in hydrological sense. In addition, particular critical regions may be identified in the spatial distribution. In our
36、 study, the use of a joint scale for all three basins for all time periods has the advantage that all basins at all seasons can be compared (also for other ecosystem services with different quantification units). Additionally, this offers the possibility for stakeholders to conduct assessments for d
37、ifferent basins . River basin management can be planned and applied by common guidelines based on these simplified maps.4.1.2 Ecosystem services quantification and visualisation Here, the flow peaks are so extremely high during snowmelt that all values of the other seasons fall into one single class
38、. Differences during low-water periods are not recognisable represented. For this study, it would mean that the class sizes would be smaller and lower regulation would occur. It becomes difficult, however, to find thresholds for the runoff components. It is also worth considering whether specific va
39、lues, such as the soil water content, should be classified differently for different seasons, for example from an agricultural perspective.PART FOUR DiscussionWithin the basins, hydrological differences occur due to spatial distributions of topography, soil and land use. It is hardly possible to dis
40、cuss differences between the basins due to scale differences and data/map resolutions. Due to the 15 scale, these differentiations are not recognisable. But however, a high spatial resolution on HRU scale can be recognised within these patterns, for example the distribution of water flow regulation
41、in the Vagai Basin for the period April/May (Fig. 3). If we compare the water flow regulation patterns with the land cover/use map of the Vagai Basin, we see medium water flow regulation at wetland areas in the southern part; most areas with other land cover/uses can be assigned as low regulation. 4
42、.2 Spatial distribution Snowmelt in these Siberian areas is extremely dominant with very high runoff and high sediment transport. As already mentioned , more than 90% of the annual runoff occurs during spring flooding . Similar situations are described in Kiesel et al. (submitted) for the three sele
43、cted river basins. But this shows that annual mean values do not make any sense for analysing water-related questions. For are as such as West Siberia with a period of extreme hydrological events , it is advisable in any case to conduct seasonal analyses. PART FOUR Discussion4.3 Seasonal variationsP
44、ART TWO 论文结构点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等
45、进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART TWO 论文结构点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题点击此处添加标题ADD YOUR TEXT点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART THREE 研究方法点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可
46、以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。26%47%PART THREE 研究方法点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。4.32.53.54.52.44.41.82.82235类别 1类别 2类别 3类别 4标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART FOUR 分析讨论点击此处添加标题点击
47、此处添加标题点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART FOUR 分析讨论ONETWOTHREEFOURFIVESIX输入标题输入标题输入标题输入标题输入标题输入标题PART FIVE 主要结论标题
48、数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间
49、距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题12345PART FIVE 主要结论结论点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始
50、”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。点击此处添加标题标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改，顶部“开始”面板中可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。建议正文8-14号字，1.3倍字间距。PART SIX参考文献PART SIX 参考文献1.期刊类序号作者.篇名J.刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.2.专著类序号作者.书名M.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.3.报纸类序号作者.
