1、卒中相关性肺炎卒中相关性肺炎(Stroke-associated pneumonia, SAP)(Stroke-associated pneumonia, SAP)北京天坛医院北京天坛医院 郭伟郭伟Hilder R, Poetter C, Findeisen N,et al. Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke: implications for neuro1ogical intensive care medicine J. Stroke 2003;34:975981.Meisel C，Schwab JM，Prass K，et al.Central
2、nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome.JNat Rev Neurosci，2005，6:775一一786卒中后免疫抑制促发感染卒中后免疫抑制促发感染通通过过神神经经内内分分泌泌免免疫疫网网络络会会厌厌谷谷滞滞留留误吸误吸穿透穿透梨状窝滞留梨状窝滞留会厌谷滞留会厌谷滞留Huxley EJ, et al.Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. American Journal of Medicine
3、1978;64: 56468.Gleeson K, Eggli DF, Maxwell SL.Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects. Chest 1997;111:126672.Perry L, Love CP.Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke:a systematic review. Dysphagia 2001;16:718.Hinchey JA, et al.Formal dysphagia screening protocols prev
4、ent pneumonia. Stroke Practice Improvement Network Investigators. Stroke 2005;36: 19721976.卒中相关性肺炎具有更为复杂的病理生理基础卒中相关性肺炎具有更为复杂的病理生理基础和单纯吸入性肺炎有一定差别和单纯吸入性肺炎有一定差别 排除与肺部感染临床表现相近的情况，如肺结核、排除与肺部感染临床表现相近的情况，如肺结核、肺部肿瘤、非感染性肺间质病、肺水肿、肺不张、肺部肿瘤、非感染性肺间质病、肺水肿、肺不张、肺栓塞等。肺栓塞等。 阈值 敏感性(%) 特异性(%) EA 106cfu/ml 769 7528BAL 1
5、04cfu/ml 7318 8219PSB 103cfu/ml 6619 9015American Thoracic Society Documents. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia.2005.区别细菌定植或感染区别细菌定植或感染 ，减少抗生素使用，减少抗生素使用呼吸中枢损害呼吸中枢损害咳嗽反射咳嗽反射吞咽障碍吞咽障碍肺瘀血肺瘀血肺水肿肺水肿ARDSARDS低位肺组织的淤血低位肺
6、组织的淤血微小肺不张微小肺不张呼吸衰竭呼吸衰竭SAPSAP肢体运动障碍肢体运动障碍持续卧床持续卧床功能残气量减少功能残气量减少气道提前关闭气道提前关闭Cameron Sellars et al. Risk Factors for Chest Infection in Acute Stroke A Prospective Cohort Study. Stroke. 2007;38:2284-2291.Masiero S,et al.Pnoumonia in stroke patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia:a six month follow-up stu
7、dy. Neurol.Sci. 2008,29:139-145.Terpenning MS,et al.Aspiration pneumonia:dental and oral risk factors in an older veteran population. J.Am.Soc. 2001;49(5):557-563.n=505n=505Olivier Leroy, Christian Vandenbussche, Cecile Coffinier,et al. Community-acquired Aspiration Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units
8、:Epidemiological and Prognosis Data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:19221929. 流感嗜血流感嗜血 大肠和克雷白大肠和克雷白杆菌为主杆菌为主阿莫西林阿莫西林/ /克拉维酸、哌拉西林克拉维酸、哌拉西林/ /他唑巴坦、三代头孢菌素、他唑巴坦、三代头孢菌素、碳氢霉烯类碳氢霉烯类哌拉西林哌拉西林/ /他唑巴坦他唑巴坦+ +阿米卡星、三代头孢菌素阿米卡星、三代头孢菌素+ +阿米卡星阿米卡星联合治疗联合治疗临床有效率达临床有效率达79%79% El-Solh, A. A., Pietrantoni, C., Bhat, A.
9、, et al. (2003). Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly. American Journal of Respiratory Critical care, 167, 16501654.普普雷雷沃沃和和 梭梭状状菌菌 军团菌等非典型病原体未检出军团菌等非典型病原体未检出哌拉西林哌拉西林/ /他唑巴坦、氨苄西林他唑巴坦、氨苄西林/ /舒巴坦或者碳氢霉烯类舒巴坦或者碳氢霉烯类头孢曲松头孢曲松+ +阿奇霉素、氨苄西林阿奇霉素、氨苄西林/ /舒巴坦舒巴坦+ +阿奇霉素、万古阿奇霉素、万
10、古霉素霉素+ +环丙沙星环丙沙星需氧菌感染患者需氧菌感染患者91%91%得到了充分治疗得到了充分治疗 20072007年年1 1月月-2009-2009年年3 3月天坛医院月天坛医院367367例例SAPSAP病原体敏感性分析病原体敏感性分析根据确切的病原学检查结果用药根据确切的病原学检查结果用药不建议常规经验性应用抗真菌药物不建议常规经验性应用抗真菌药物 Hilder R, Poetter C, Findeisen N,et al. Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke: implications for neuro1ogical intensive
11、 care medicine J. Stroke 2003;34:975981.张道培张道培, ,闰福岭闰福岭, ,徐海清等徐海清等. . 神经重症监护病房卒中相关性肺炎的预测因素与临床特点神经重症监护病房卒中相关性肺炎的预测因素与临床特点. .中华医院感染学中华医院感染学杂杂志志2008;18(8):1072-1075.2008;18(8):1072-1075.可能的病原体可能的病原体推荐的抗生素推荐的抗生素单药治疗单药治疗联合用药联合用药甲氧西林敏感的金葡菌甲氧西林敏感的金葡菌肺炎链球菌肺炎链球菌流感嗜血杆菌流感嗜血杆菌抗生素敏感的抗生素敏感的G-G-肠杆菌肠杆菌 大肠埃希菌大肠埃希菌 肺
12、炎克雷白杆菌肺炎克雷白杆菌多耐药病原体多耐药病原体 绿脓杆菌绿脓杆菌 肺炎克雷白菌（肺炎克雷白菌（ESBLESBL+ +） 不动杆菌不动杆菌 MRSAMRSA厌氧菌厌氧菌 普雷沃菌、梭状杆菌普雷沃菌、梭状杆菌病情严重或者有脓毒症者病情严重或者有脓毒症者广谱青霉素广谱青霉素/ /-内内酰胺酶酰胺酶或或莫西沙星莫西沙星广谱青霉素广谱青霉素/ /-内内酰胺酶酰胺酶或或抗假单孢菌头孢或碳青霉烯抗假单孢菌头孢或碳青霉烯舒巴坦制剂舒巴坦制剂万古霉素或利奈唑胺万古霉素或利奈唑胺甲硝唑甲硝唑抗假单孢菌碳青霉烯抗假单孢菌碳青霉烯头孢曲松头孢曲松+ +甲硝唑甲硝唑或或左氧氟沙星左氧氟沙星+ +甲硝唑甲硝唑或或左氧
13、氟沙星左氧氟沙星+ +克林克林或或抗假单孢菌头孢抗假单孢菌头孢+ +氨氨基糖苷基糖苷推荐：广谱青霉素推荐：广谱青霉素/内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂是内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂是经验性治疗卒中相关性肺炎的常用药物；重症患经验性治疗卒中相关性肺炎的常用药物；重症患者首选碳氢霉烯类抗生素，再根据病原学检查结者首选碳氢霉烯类抗生素，再根据病原学检查结果采取降阶梯治疗策略果采取降阶梯治疗策略 Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Com
14、munity-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44:S2772.Reichmuth K J, Meyer K C. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Annals of Long-Term Care 2003;11(7):1066-1070.Luna CM,Blanzaco D,Niederman MS,et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: pro
15、spective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med 2003;31:676682.Luna CM,Niederman MS.What is the natural history of resolution of nosocomial pneumonia.Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2002;23:471479.博客博客http:/ 后面内容直接删除就行资料可以编辑修改使用资料可以编辑修改使用资料仅供参考，实际情况实际分析主要经营：课件设计，文档制作，网络软件设计、图文设计制作、发布广告等秉着以优质的服务对待每一位客户，做到让客户满意！致力于数据挖掘，合同简历、论文写作、PPT设计、计划书、策划案、学习课件、各类模板等方方面面，打造全网一站式需求The user can demonstrate on a projector or computer, or print the presentation and make it into a film to be used in a wider field
