1、-Gender Differences&Sexism 印睿印睿 HBUTYinR-References1Fasold,R.The Sociolinguistics of Language M.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.2Hudson,R.A.SociolinguisticsM.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.3李经纬.语言性别差异及其原因解释J.山东外语教学，1998（3）:12-15.4刘建达.语言中的性别歧视与解放J.
2、山东外语教学，1998（1）:8-10.5潘世松，王艳.汉语词语的性别歧视论略J.江西社会科学,2002（6）:68-70.6潘建.英汉语言性别歧视的比较研究J.外语与外语教学 2001（3）:14-16.7吴彬彬.社会语言学的性别模式分析D.上海：上海师范大学，2006.8 西蒙娜德波伏娃.第二性M.陶铁柱译.北京:中国书籍出版社,1998.9于国栋，吴亚欣.语言和性别：差异与共性并重 J.外语教学，2002（2）：24-28.10张宁娇.浅析言语行为的性别差异和性别歧视J.首都师范大学学报，2008(6):84-87.-ContentsIntroductionGender Differen
3、cesSexismA Comparative Study between Chinese and English in Gender Differences and Sexism Summary-Introduction丹麦著名语言学家丹麦著名语言学家JespersenJespersen在他的著作语言、本质、发展及起源在他的著作语言、本质、发展及起源（19221922）中介绍了女性语言诸种表现及特点。他率先从语言学角度）中介绍了女性语言诸种表现及特点。他率先从语言学角度研究研究“性别语言性别语言”。在谈到男女交际时，语言学家。在谈到男女交际时，语言学家Deborah TannenDeborah
4、 Tannen就指出就指出“不同的话语，不同的世界不同的话语，不同的世界”。当代有关男女语言差别的论。当代有关男女语言差别的论著专门阐述了性别差异在语言里的种种表现，美国人类学家曾提出著专门阐述了性别差异在语言里的种种表现，美国人类学家曾提出建立新的语言学科建立新的语言学科-性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语言学家性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语言学家LakoffLakoff（19751975），），TrudgillTrudgill（19941994）和）和RomaineRomaine（19941994）等都在此）等都在此领域有广泛深入的研究。我国语言学界对性别语言的关注始于领域有广泛深入的
5、研究。我国语言学界对性别语言的关注始于2020世世纪纪6060年代。在社会语言学、社会心理语言学等领域有陈原的社会年代。在社会语言学、社会心理语言学等领域有陈原的社会语言学语言学(1983)(1983)，陈松岑的社会语言学教程，陈松岑的社会语言学教程(1985)(1985)，刘宁的，刘宁的语言学概论语言学概论(1987)(1987)王德春的社会心理语言学王德春的社会心理语言学(1995)(1995)白解红白解红性别语言文化与语用研究（性别语言文化与语用研究（20002000）都不同程度地提出了性别语）都不同程度地提出了性别语言研究问题。言研究问题。-国内外性别研究的三个方面国内外性别研究的三个
6、方面 The sexual discrimination of language to women and its innovation scheme 语言对女性的歧视语言对女性的歧视The gender differences of language,which is the differences of language use between males and females 语言的性别差异语言的性别差异The study of the factors that lead to sexual discrimination and broader differences in langu
7、age use 语言性别歧视和差异的成因研究语言性别歧视和差异的成因研究-Gender vs Sex Ronald Wardhaugh once said:“Sex is biological determined whereas gender is a social construct(but one heavily grounded in sex)involving the whole gamut of psychological,social,and cultural differences between males and females.In this view,gender ro
8、les rather than sex roles should be our concern in discussion”.Gender 社会性别社会性别具有后天性和可更改性。通过社会化渠道传承，表现在制度、观念等领域，社会对两性及两性关系的规范、要求和评价。可以通过社会机制的运作不断改变或构建。社会性别一旦形成就具有相对稳定性。Sex 生理性别生理性别具有先天性是由生物遗传因素决定的。它关乎基因、生殖腺以及荷尔蒙。性别一旦形成一般不会改变，除非技术介入。Gender Differences-Gender Differences-Gender Differences the social r
9、egulations-Gender Differences the social regulations 坚强勇敢坚强勇敢 温柔纤弱温柔纤弱果断干脆果断干脆 优柔寡断优柔寡断男才男才 女貌女貌 男性特点男性特点 女性特点女性特点-Qualitative type of gender differences 绝对性别差异绝对性别差异静态静态*Quantitative type of gender differences 相对性别差异相对性别差异动态动态 Gender Differences the language forms-Gender Differences gender patternT
10、he description A universal phenomenon shown up in most socialinguistic studies,can be put in this way:in any society where males and females have equal access to the standard form,femalesuse standard variants of any stable variable which is socially stratified for both sexes more often than males do
11、.-The conceptsUniversal prestige and local prestigeOvert and Covert prestigeGender Differences gender pattern-The explanationThe status-conscious explanationThe social-network explanationThe verbal superiority explanation The symbolic value of variants explanationGender Differences gender pattern-La
12、koffs 6 categories of language use that are sharply differentiated by the sex of the speaker:Lexical distinctions such as color termsStrong versus weak expletivesWomens versus neutral adjectivesTag questionsQuestion intonation with statement syntaxStrength of directive speech actsGender Differences-
13、In English:women use more ing pronunciations and fewerin/in/pronunciations than men in words like swimming and typing.m:ome /h/home f:homeIntonation patterns Women using certain patterns associated with surprise and politeness more often than men.Women may answer a question with a statement that emp
14、loys the rising intonation pattern usually associated with a question rather than the falling intonation pattern associated with making a firm statement.Gender Differences phonological level-Gender Differences lexical levelA.In English,women use color words like mauve,lavender and magenta.B.Adjectiv
15、es such as adorable,charming,divine,lovely and sweet are also commonly used by women.C.Women are also said to have their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects on them,words and expressions such as so good,such fun,exquisite and fantastic.-Gender Differences syntactical levelA.The use of int
16、errogative sentences.Women often add tag questions to statement.B.The use of plural form.C.The validity of grammar-Gender Differences intention&attention Male FemaleIntention competition intimacy aggression connection teasing inclusive solving problems relationship rapport community problem novice l
17、isteningAttention business,legal matters feelings,daily life,economy,politics family,fashion sports-It is suggested that women are more nurturing,supportive and cooperative than men.The characteristics of womens talk are collaboration,cooperation,balancing of speaking rights,symmetry and mutual supp
18、ort.It is argued that men and women come from different sociolinguistic subcultures.Gender Differences summary-Biological factors Social factors Gender Differences the factorsMen and women have different conversational norms as a result of interacting in single-sex peer groups as children.Different
19、socialization patterns cause boys to be concerned with status and self-assertion,while girls are more geared to involvement and understanding.-Sexism Frailty,thy name is woman!-William Shakespeare-The assumption that one sex is superior to the other and the resultant discrimination practiced against
20、 members of the supposed inferior sex,especially:by men against women;also in conformity with thetraditional stereotyping of social roles on the basis of sex.-Oxford English Dictionary Sexism the definition-Sexism the types Male privilege:The idea that men benefit from certain rights and privileges
21、not available to women.StereotypesLegal statusDomestic ViolenceEducationProfessionsMarginalization-The Princess -Alfred Tennyson Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man with the head and woman with the heart：Man to command and woman to obey.Sexism男人耕作女
22、持家；男人耕作女持家；男男上战场女纺纱。上战场女纺纱。男人冷静女犹柔；男人冷静女犹柔；男施命令女听话男施命令女听话。-Sexism sexist language*Male terms precede female terms*Male terms used to refer to people in general*Feminine words formed from masculine words*Negtive meaning in feminine words-To sum up,Lakoff argues that a female speaker faces a double bi
23、nd.If she doesnt learn to speak like a lady,she will be criticized or scolded.If,on the other hand,she doesnt learn to speak like a lady,she will be systematically denied access to power on the ground that she is not capable of holding it,with her linguistic behavior as partial evidence for that cla
24、im.Sexism summary-英汉语性别歧视现象比较研究英汉语性别歧视现象比较研究 Thesis Analysis-Feminism is a major source of female experience and motivation for social theory and political movement.女性主义/女权运动/女权主义是指一个主要由女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动。There is a rise in the use of gender-neutral language in western world the avoidance of gende
25、r-specific job titles,non-parallel usage,and other usage that is felt by some to be sexist.Sexismfeminism-Sexism avoidanceUsing plural forms to instead of single formsUsing we/us/our rewrite the original sentenceRewriting with the second person pronounRewriting with passive voiceCompletely omitting the pronounInstead with article,using some,one,the one,no one and others to replace the third person pronouns-不同的女不同的女人要这样夸人要这样夸 妖的叫美女，刁的叫才女，木的叫淑女，蔫的叫温柔，凶的叫直爽，傻的叫阳光，狠的叫冷艳，土的叫端庄，洋的叫气质，怪的叫个性，匪的叫干练，嫩的叫青春靓丽，老的叫丰韵犹存，浪的叫众星捧月，牛的叫傲雪凌风，闲的叫追求自我，弱的叫小鸟依人。Summaryrespct for women-谢谢谢谢观赏观赏
