1、Lecture SevenLecture SevenAmplification&Amplification&OmissionOmission翻译中的增词与减词翻译中的增词与减词1.Amplification 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按意义（或逻辑上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实地表达原文的思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其义的词。根据意义上或修辞上的需要根据意义上或修辞上的需要（一）增加动词（一）增加动词By supplying necessary verbs befor
2、e or after nouns.1)They talked for almost eight hours through dinner and well into the night.他们差不多谈了八个小时，中间吃了一顿晚餐，接着一直谈到深夜。2)He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.他赞同为改善同所有爱好和平的国家的关系而进行努力。3)Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality,he said.他说,“谁也不能指望他会采
3、取克制和讲道理的态度。”4)In spite of yesterdays rainstorm,the crops lay lush and green in the early light.虽然昨天遭受了暴风雨的袭击，庄稼在晨曦中显得郁郁葱葱，茂盛异常。（二）增加形容词（二）增加形容词By supplying adjectives before nouns.1)This is grasping at straws,I know,said the helpless man.“我知道这是在抓救命稻草。”他无可奈何地说。2)With the meeting to begin in just a co
4、uple of hours,I hadnt the time to worry about such trifles.不出两小时会议就要开始了，我没有闲工夫为这些琐事操心了。3)“Itll make a man of him,”said Jack,“College is the place.”“一定会把他造就成一个堂堂的男子汉，”杰克说，“就是应该上大学嘛。4)He regarded the National Day edition of that paper as a collectors item.他把那份国庆版的报子视为一个收藏家的珍品。（三）增加副词（三）增加副词By supplyin
5、g adverbs before some verbs.1)Now and then his boots shone.他的皮靴不时地闪闪发亮。2)A seagull saw the light from the window and darted up to it.一只海鸥见到来自窗户光线便飞扑过去。3)He turned a chair around and straddled it,resting his chin on the back.他把椅子转了个向，叉开双腿一屁股坐在上面，下巴搁在椅子背上。4)In the films of those days,all too often it
6、was the same one:boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver,they fall in love and drive tractors together.在那些日子的电影里，总是老一套。男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而肩并肩地开着拖拉机走了。（四）增加名词（四）增加名词 A.after the intransitive verbs 1)He began to see things and to understand.他开了眼界，并懂得了一些名堂。2)He ate and drank,for he was exhaust
7、ed.他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他已疲惫不堪了。3)The invading troops looted and raped whenever they went.侵略军所到之处，掠夺财物，强奸妇女。4)First you borrow,then you beg.一遭借钱，二遭讨饭。5)Wash before you eat.吃饭前洗手。B.before the adjectives 1)This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这台打字机确实价廉物美。2)He is a complicated manmoody,mercurial,with a me
8、lancholy streak.他是个性格复杂的人喜怒无常、反复多变、具有忧郁寡欢的特点。C.after the abstract nouns 1)Nassar,with statesmanship and infinite patience,persuaded his quarrelling brother to sign an agreement.纳赛尔以政治家的手腕和极大的耐心，说服了争执不休的兄弟们签定了一项协议。2)For many years there has been serious unemployment in the capitalist countries.资本主义国家
9、多年来存在着严重的失业现象。3)He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。4)The grief of the people took charge.人民的悲痛情绪失去了控制。D.after the concrete nouns 1)The development of Chinese industry remains one of the priorities of the government.发展中国工业仍然是政府的首要课题之一。2)Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling,
10、but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer.基辛格觉得罗杰斯在挑刺儿，但律师出身的尼克松却支持他同行的挑刺儿。（五）增加表示名词复数的词（五）增加表示名词复数的词1、增加重叠词表示复数、增加重叠词表示复数1)Very acute problems exist among them.他们中间存在着种种非常尖锐的问题。2)The US.had a brief period of regional feudalism during the period of slavery in the southern stat
11、es.美国南部诸州，在奴隶制时期经历过短暂的地区封建制度。3)They drove in a black limousine,past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.他们开着一辆黑色的豪华轿车，通过一丛丛白桦树和一眼望不到尽头的一排排千篇一律的新宅。4)The lion is the King of animals.狮是百兽之王。5)The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都
12、颤抖了，万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。（六）增加表示时态的词（六）增加表示时态的词 1)I knew it quite well as I know it now.我在当时就知道得同现在一样清楚。2)Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking.时至今日母亲还坚持认为我当时只是开玩笑罢了。3)They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他们从前总能控制一切，但现在他们大家在丧失控制了。4)S
13、tephen looked older than his age,for he had had a hard life.斯蒂芬看上去比他实际年龄要大，因为他曾有过一段艰难的生活。（七）增加语气助词（七）增加语气助词 1)All that made this Christmas Day was my knowing it was.今天算是圣诞节，只是因为我知道是圣诞节罢了。2)The little boy had brought with him knife,scissors and what not,tinkling in his pocket.那小男孩口袋里带着小刀啦、剪子啦、等等。丁零当啷
14、响个不停。3)Their host carved,poured,cut bread,talked,laughed,proposed health.他们的主人割肉啦、倒酒啦、切面包啦、谈呀、笑呀、敬酒祝福啦，忙个不也乐乎。（八）增加名词单位词（八）增加名词单位词 1)This too was a complete lie.这也纯粹是一派胡言。2)He squeezed his sister too and gave her a gentle push.他也捏了一把他的妹妹，并且把她轻轻推了一下。3)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从平静的海
15、面上冉冉升起。（九）增加根据上下文需要及反映（九）增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词背景情况的词1)In April,there was the Ping heard around the world.In July,the Ping ponged.四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去。七月里，美国“乓的把球打了回来。2)The weather was warm and sultry and everyone seemed to be on edge.天气闷热，所有的人都好象热锅上的蚂蚁，坐立不安。3)His Hitlers discourse,says Speider,becam
16、e lost in fantastic digressions.斯派达尔后来说，希特勒的“谈话越说越远，越说越离谱，最后不知说到哪里去了。4)The two crashesboy and chairbrought George racing up from the basement.孩子和椅子先后倒地的声响使乔治飞快地从地下室跑上来。（十）增加概括词（十）增加概括词1)We have achieved rapid progress in industry,agriculture,commerce,education and culture.我们在工业、农业、商业、教育和文化诸方面已经取得了迅速
17、的发展。2）The social systems of China and the US.are fundamentally different.中美两国的社会制度有着根本的差别。3)The students of Classes 1 and 3 have gone to the factory.一、三两班的学生已经到工厂去了。4)Henry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in October.这之前，亨利基辛格在七月和十月两度在这里下榻。（十一）增加说明性的词语（十一）增加说明性的词语 1)The car stopped
18、 in front of the Nile Hilton.轿车停在尼罗河希尔顿饭店的门口。2)Oilfield Wives Farm the Gobi.油田工人的家属耕耘在戈壁滩。3)Chen is 32 and mother of 2.陈今年32岁，已有了两个孩子。根据句法上的需要根据句法上的需要By supplementing the omitted words.1)Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。2）Better be wi
19、se by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。3)Everything was on a larger scale for him,the highs were higher,the lows lower.他总是夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。4)We dont retreat,we never have and nerve will.我们不后退，我们从未后退过，将来也决不后退。5)They have our interests at heart as we have theirs.他们关心我们
20、的利益，同样，我们也关心他们的利益。6)Loyalty is a very important thing,Miss Gimple,he went on.Oh,very,agreed Miss Gimple.“忠诚是件非常重要的事啊，金波小姐。”他接着说道。“哦，是非常重要。”她表示同意。By supplying sentence connectors.1)Suddenly everything shook,a loud explosion was heard,a second,a third,.突然间万物震动，只听得一声，接着第二声，然后第三声2)For mistakes had been
21、made,bad ones.因为已经犯了错误，而且还是很严重的错误。By supplying words that forms a connecting link between the preceding and the following.1)He stepped to the platform:a little dingy station,a small crowd of travelers.他跨上月台，停了停，只看见：一个阴沉沉的小车站和一小群旅客。2)Border formalities,the French officials were polite and efficient,t
22、he Nazi authorities aloof and superior.办理边境手续，法国官员有礼貌，效率高，纳粹方面则冷淡而高傲。3)The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil,and has reduced the family relation to a more money relation.资产阶级撕下了罩在家庭关系上的温情脉脉的面纱，把这种关系变成了纯粹的金钱关系。2.Omission 省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不必译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之
23、，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法：一、从语法角度来看一、从语法角度来看Omission of Personal Pron.根据汉语的习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现，英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。1)As he approached the village he met a number of people but none whom he knew,which somewhat surprised
24、 him.快到村子时，他遇见了许多人，可是一个也不认识，这可使他有点吃紧。2)As we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine.因为我们住在大路旁边，常有游客或异乡人来访，尝尝我们家酿的醋栗酒。3)Dr.Bethune began to work as soon as he came to the front.白求恩大夫一到前线就开始了工作。4)When the children finished all the comic books th
25、ey had brought,they opened the lunch and ate it.孩子们看完了买来的所有漫画书之后，便打开午饭吃了起来。5)She is a thin girl,and she seemed very tired from the journey,but when I asked her if she didnt want me to bring a drink upstairs to her,she said she didnt think she did.她是个瘦弱的姑娘，路途归来显得十分疲劳。但当我问她想不想送点饮料到楼上去给她时，她说不必了。6)He ad
26、vised her not to go out so often,and she just ignored it.我劝她不要那样常常外出，可她却置之不理。7)I sent you yesterday all the books you wanted,have you received them?你要的书籍，我已于昨日如数寄出，收到了没有？8)When anyone among the people breaks the law,he too should be punished.人民犯了法，也要受处罚。9)While reading do not allow yourself to regre
27、ss,but keep reading ahead in every sentence,even when you come across a new word.阅读时不要回头读，即使遇到一个生词，也应继续下去。2.Omission of Possessive pronn.1)But his titanic determination,his powerful mind and his fierce commitment to the mission of his class overrode all physical handicapes.他那巨大的决心，坚强的意志和对本阶级坚贞不渝的精神，
28、使他克服了一切身体的缺陷。2)She listened for a moment with her rounded eyes.她睁圆着眼睛听了一会儿。3)When she told a story,she rolled her eyes and waved her head,and was very dramatic.她讲故事的时候，眼睛翻来复去，脑瓜儿东晃西摆，好像演戏一般。4)They came in their thousands.他们成千上万地赶来了。5)He wore a ragged,dusty coat that reached only to his knees.他穿着一件长及
29、西盖的破烂的脏大衣。6)She is in her dressing gown and has cream all over her face.她穿着一件睡衣，满脸涂脂抹粉。3.Omission of it and there.1)It was a cold,dark day,the sky overcast.天又冷又暗，天空布满乌云。2)It was a good meal they had together that night.那天晚上他们一起吃了一顿丰盛的饭菜。3)Whatever is coming,well manage it all very well,you will see.
30、无论发生何事，我们都会应付自如的，你将看着吧。4)Did it never occur to you that he might wish one day to see the country in which his father was born?难道你从来没有想到过他可能有一天想去看看他父亲出身的古国？5)There was a pistol shot from the woods,followed close by another.树林里传来了一声枪响，紧接着又是一响。II.Omission of conjunctions1.Omission of Coordinating Conjj
31、:1)The early autumn day was warm and charming.初秋时节，日间溫暖迷人。2)He looked gloomy and troubled.他神色黯然，心思重重。3)She is just the personso quiet and so bright.她是个理想的角色，秉性温和，聪明伶俐。4)The doors opened and the audience came crowding in.大门开了，听众一拥而入。5)Wise men love truth,whereas fools shun it.智者热爱真理，愚者躲避真理。6)He is no
32、t honest,so he is not fit to be a cashier.他不诚实，不适合当出纳。7)There must be somebody in,for I heard a voice.屋子里准有人，我听见了声音。2.Omission of Subordinating Conjj:1)Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.车未停稳，切勿上下车。2)The grandmother said she would tell them a story if they would keep quiet.奶
33、奶说他们肯安静下来不吵闹，就给他们讲一个故事。3)Dear,dear,think of me if you wont think of yourself.啊，天哪，你不想想自己，也得想想我们。4)I should not have time to see him even if he were here.他就是在这儿，我也没功夫见他。5)I was just stepping out of the shower when I heard the bell ring.我刚洗完淋浴出来，就听见门铃响了。III.Omission of the Definite or Indefinite Artic
34、les:1)More often we would go for a weekend to Camp David.我们到戴维营去度周末倒是更经常些。2)He would never have to sleep in a strange bed.他决不愿意在别人的床上睡觉。3)Life in the White House was confining,and this made the home we bought in summer 1969 for our retirement even more special for us.白宫的生活给人以禁闭的感觉，这使得我们对于1969年夏天为以后退
35、休而购置的房子感到更亲切了。IV.Omission of Prepositions:1)By autumn of 1984,I was in Moscow bound for China.1984年秋，我在莫斯科等待去中国。2)For me the most exciting event of the first year of my presidency came in July 1969 when an American became the first man to walk on the moon.对我来说，任总统的头一年，最令我激动的事件是1969年七月，一位美国人首次在月球上漫步。
36、3)On Sunday night,July 20,I stood around the TV set in the private office and watched Neil Armstrong step onto the moon.七月二十日，一个星期天晚上，我在私人办公室里站在电视机旁观看着阿母斯特朗登上月球。4)Life in the White House is active and intense.白宫的生活既活跃又紧张。5)Rumours had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早已传遍了各种流言蜚语。V.Omis
37、sion of some words or phrases for brevity:1)A few months after this I crossed the sea eastward again.几个月之后，我又渡海东去。2)Now we have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at.眼下我们已解决了这个难题，而且还得出了跟他们相同的结论。3)He realized the subtlety of Chinas messages,the gap between her
38、hot rhetoric and her cool action.他领悟了中国信息的微妙之处：言辞激烈，行事谨慎。4)It seemed to me discret to retire,and I described myself as anxious for a walk before dinner.我觉得还是脱身为妙，于是就设法在进餐前去散散步。V.Homework for today 1.When we reflected on the labors and pains,the cares,disquiet,and dangers which attended the road to g
39、reatness.2.And Homer!Is not he likewise human?Even Homer may sometimes nod.To err is human.3.It is part of the general theory of democracy that all human beings are equal in the sense that they all have some basic rights and that all should be treated alike.4.Stephen came out of the hot mill into th
40、e damp wind and cold wet streets,haggard and worn.5.I was struck by their cordiality.6.Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars.7.There lied one of the chief difficulties.8.Dont take it seriously.Im just making fun of you.9.I was extremely worried about h
41、er,but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.10)Birds fluttered and cheeped among the budding fruit trees,Insects buzzed and tickled.11)The frequency,wave length and speed of sound are closely related.12.He has bought a Dove.13.This victory in polemics means the victor
42、y of civilization over ignorance,of science over superstition and of truth over falsehood.14.The advance echelon met with a stubborn resistance.in a drive,suffering serious casualties,and beat a strategic retreat for a new offensive by outflanking tactics.15.The film Modern Times reflects a profile
43、of the capitalist society that there exists no other nexus between man and man than naked and callous cash payment.16.If you walk along the main street on an August afternoon,there is nothing whatsoever to do.17.There are fewer Algerians to be found on the streets Paris now.18.As the temperature increases,the volume of water becomes greater.19.He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.20.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.21.Gently but timidly,I advanced to the doorstep,where I spoke to her with an attempt at friendly banter.
