1、Sequence Analysis(II)Sequence AlignmentAnalysis of Protein Sequence CharacteristicsAACompIdent?Galacid-Secret of LifeNucleicAcidsA T(U)G CProteins20 amino acidsSalvador Dalis Galacidalacidesoxyribonucleicacid,Homage to Watson and Crick,1963.Note the figures in quartets to the right signifying the te
2、tranucleotide hypothesis that DNA was composed of a simple repeating unit of A,C,G and T and was therefore too simple to encode genetic information an idea that was obsolete even by the time Dali painted Galacid.Whats AlignmentThe Need of Sequence AlignmentHomology study 同源研究Phylogenetic study 系统进化研
3、究Pattern(motif)identification 模式识别Protein Family Classification家族分类EST analysis 表达序列标签分析Gene Identification 基因识别Genomic study 组学研究Protein-Protein Interaction 蛋白相互作用MorePrinciple of Sequence Alignment序列比对原理DotplotsPairwise alignmentLocal alignmentGlobal alignmentMultiple alignmentDotplotsNeedleman/Wu
4、nsch/SellersSmith/WatermanGotohSpliced and moreWhats Alignment 同源序列、相似序列和相同序列 相似序列的定量描述Seq-a:ATC ACCTT GGTAGCTASeq-b:TAC ACCTT CGTCGCCA打分规则1(相同记为1,不同记为0)1 +5 +5 =11打分规则2(相同记为0.8,不同记为0.2)1.2+4 +4.6 =4打分规则3 -3 +25 +(-5)=17ATCGA5-4-4-4T-45-4-4C-4-45-4G-4-4-45Simple Score Scheme 最简单的打分规则 匹配:+5分 不匹配:0分 举
5、例:K A W S A D V K D W S A E V 5+0+5+5+5+0+5=25 对于核酸序列仍然适用替换和突变突变:DNA的复制和修复过程中出现错误而导致的核苷酸序列的改变替换:经过自然选择过滤后保留下来的突变同义和异义替换:甘氨酸:GGG,GGA,GGU,GGC编码基因的序列发生同义替换的概率差不多是异义替换的3倍人人/鼠鼠同义替换率同义替换率异义替换率异义替换率生长激素0.3210.100载脂蛋白E0.1990.148组蛋白(H2A)0.9670.057估计替换数目核酸序列之间的差异可以用替换数目(K)表示如果序列之间的差异很大,K有可能被低估Jukes-Cantor模型:K
6、=-3/4ln1-(4/3(p)Kimura双参数模型:K=1/2ln1/(1-2P-Q)+1/4ln1/(1-2Q)多参数模型:误差太大 时刻0 时刻1 时刻2位点 C T C转换和颠换Conserved Substitution氨基酸的保守替换Substitution of S/T or E/D should result in scores that are only moderately lower than identities.A.A.have similar physicochemical properties can be replaced each other such as
7、 Serine(S)&Threonine(T),Aspartic acid(D)&Glutamic acid(E)替换计分矩阵 4种碱基,20种氨基酸 各种碱基或氨基酸的理化性质不同 各种突变发生的概率不同 DNA记分矩阵:等价矩阵、转换-颠换矩阵、BLAST矩阵 蛋白质记分矩阵:等价矩阵、遗传密码矩阵、疏水性矩阵、PAM矩阵矩阵 BLOSUM矩阵矩阵来源于对自然界氨基酸替换概率的统计Protein substitution matrices蛋白替换矩阵PAM250 Matrix:Positive scores on diagonal(identities)Similar residues g
8、et higherscores Dissimilar residues getsmaller(negative)scoresBLOSUM矩阵BLOSUM62 MatrixBy Steven Henikoff and Jorija Henikoff怎样选用PAM-n和BLOSUM-n矩阵BLOSUM 80PAM 1序列相似度高BLOSUM 45PAM 250序列相似度低BLOSUM 62PAM 120什么是Gap 空格(gap)Seq-a:ATACCTTGGTAGCTASeq-b:ATGACCTTGGTAGCTASeq-a:AT-ACCTTGGTAGCTASeq-b:ATGACCTTGGTAGC
9、TA突变位点上的替换、插入和删除引起了序列的差异Gap Penalty空位罚分Multiple insertions/deletions may be one evolutionary eventSeparate penalties for gap opening and gap elongationK L A A S V I L S D A LK L A A -S D A L-10 +3 x (-1)=-13起始罚分长度罚分利用点矩阵进行序列比对Dotplots AlgorithmDotplots two sequecne(x,y)length(x)=MLength(y)=Nfor i=1-
10、Mfor j=1-Nif xi=yjD(i,j)=1elseD(i,j)=0O(MN)Dynamic Programming动态规划法求解序列比对 问题分解 序列1:ACTCG 序列2:ACAGTAG第一位点第一位点得分得分剩余序列剩余序列AA+1CTCGCAGTAG-A-1ACTCGCAGTAGA-1CTCGACAGTAGDynamic Programming动态规划法求解序列比对 序列1:ACTCG 序列2:ACAGTAGgapACTCGgap0-1-2-3-4-5A-110-1-2-3C-20210-1A-3-11210G-4-20122T-5-3-1112A-6-4-2011G-7-5
11、-3-102多重序列比对Multiple sequence alignment 动态规划法:n条序列 n维矩阵 ClustalW、ClustalX和ClustalO多序列比对的应用 获得共性序列(Consensus sequence)序列测序 突变分析 种系分析 保守区段分析 基因和蛋白质功能分析 序列比对的常用软件 ClustalW/ClustalX/ClustalO DNAStar megalign MEGA EMBOSS MUSCLE T-CoffeeHOMEWORK Alignment exercise 获取HBV A、B、C、D亚型全基因组序列(HBV genotype A/B/C/D)各一条 比对这四条序列,结果保存为hbv.fasta,并说明你用的比对软件。