1、定期租船合同交船履行还船七大法律问题1.交船2.雇佣指示3.租金支付与撤船4.停租条款5.船舶描述与履约索赔6.还船7.定期租船合同下的货物责任定期租船合同标准条款 干散货定期租船NYPE 46/93 纽约土产格式Baltime 巴尔的摩格式Sinotime 中国租船公司定期租船合同格式 油船BPTIMESHELLTIME定期租船合同的主要法律问题定期租船合同的主要法律问题（一）（一）交船交船Delivery of the Ship基本规则 船东应该按照合同约定的时间和地点交船地点不一定是港口：“Vessel to be delivered on dropping last outward s
2、ea pilot at XXX”(DLOSP)如果船东延迟交船，承租人有权索赔因此产生的相关损失 承租人可能有权取消合同(销约条款)标准条款 SHELL LNG TIME 1,Clause 7 “Owners shall deliver the vessel to Charterers at the pilot boarding station inbound/outbound atUnless other wise agreed the Vessel shall not be delivered to Charterers beforehrs local time.but must be d
3、elivered to Charterers no later thanhrs local timeCharterers shall have the option of cancelling this charter if the Vessel is not ready and at their disposal during this period.”标准条款BPTIME 3,Clause 2“2.3 If at any time it appears to Charterers that the Vessel will not be delivered in accordance wit
4、h Clause 1 by the Cancelling Date,Charterers may require the Owners to state in writing the date and time that they expect the Vessel to be ready to be delivered,such statement to be given within(96)hours of Charterers request.2.4 If the date and time notified by Owners falls after the Cancelling Da
5、te then Charterers shall have the option of cancelling this Charter within(120)hours of receipt of the said notice from Owners or within(48)hours after the Cancelling Date,whichever is earlier.If Charterers do not exercise their option to cancel this Charter then the new Cancelling Date shall be(12)
6、hours after the date and time notified by ownersor such other date and time as may be mutually agreed.”标准条款 GentimeClause 1(b)Delivery Place:The Owners shall deliver the Vessel to the Charterers at the port or place stated in Box 8 or a port or place within the range stated in Box 8(c)Delivery Time:
7、Delivery shall take place no earlier than the date/time stated in Box 9 and no later than the date/time stated in Box 10.Delivery shall be effected at any time day or night.Saturdays,Sundays and holidays included.受载期LaycanLaycan规则和航次租船合同相同通常而言，在laycan第一天之前，承租人无义务接受船舶交付如果船舶不能在销约日前交付，不论原因为何，承租人皆有权取消合同
8、；但除非另有约定，否则承租人不可在销约日前取消合同承租人有权取消合同的同时索赔损失 clause 7 of ShellLNGTime 1 provides that“.the Vesselmust be delivered to Charterers no later than”承租人应该严格按照相应合同条款行使销约权 销约权必须在合同约定的时限内行使，否则销约权就会丧失。如果合同没有约定，则必须在合理期限内行使。销约权如丧失，则租船合同的全部效力不受影响，承租人必须接受交船，并开始履行相应义务销约期GentimeClause 1(d)Cancellation:Should the Vesse
9、l not be delivered by the date/time stated in Box 10 the Charterers shall have the option to cancel the Charterparty without prejudice to any claims the Charterers may otherwise have on the Owners under the Charterparty.If the Owners anticipate that,despite their exercise of due diligence,the Vessel
10、 will not be ready for delivery by the date/time stated in Box 10,they may notify the Charterers in writing,stating the anticipated new date of readiness for delivery,proposing a new cancelling date/time and requiring the Charterers to declare whether they will cancel or will take delivery of the Ve
11、ssel.Should the Charterers elect not to cancel or should they fail to reply within two working days(as applying at the Charterers place of business)of receipt of such notification,then unless otherwise agreed,the proposed new cancelling date/time will replace the date/time stated in Box 10.This prov
12、ision shall operate only once and should the Vessel not be ready for delivery at the new cancelling date/time the Charterers shall have the option of cancelling this Charterparty.交船时对船舶状态的要求 交船时，船舶应当适航“she being in every way fitted for ordinary dry cargo service with cargo holds well swept,cleaned a
13、nd ready to receive cargo before delivery under this charter.”Upon delivery the charterers can require the ship to be in the condition specified in the contract and ready to commence commercial trading for them交船时船上燃油如何处理 LinertimeClause 6 BunkersThe Charterers at port of delivery to take over and p
14、ay for all fuel remaining in the Vessels bunkers at(a)current price,at the respective ports(b)a fixed price per tonThe Vessel to be delivered with not less than the number of tons and not exceeding the number of tons stated in Box 25 in the Vessels bunkers.交船时相关港口使费如何分担 LinertimeClause 5The Chartere
15、rs to pay all dock,harbour,light and tonnage dues at the ports of delivery(unless incurred through cargo carried before delivery)定期租船合同的主要法律问题定期租船合同的主要法律问题（二）（二）承租人雇佣指示承租人雇佣指示Charterers Employment Order航次租船合同与定期租船合同在雇佣指示方面的对比 航次租船合同中，双方当事人的权利义务已经大部分预先设定在合同条款中，所以承租人给予船东履行合同的指令的权利是非常有限的。定期租船合同中，承租人想要履
16、行的航次并未预先设定，所以承租人有足够权利给予船东履行合同的具体指令。定期租船合同下承租人的权利 定期租船合同下承租人的关键权利(Key Rights)To decide where the vessel shall go and what she shall carry,how(in short)she shall be used,always subject to the terms of the charterparty.The language used is general and the power correspondingly wide.The nature and purpo
17、se of time charter is to enable the charterers to use the vessel during the period of the charters for trading in whatever manner they deem fit.定期租船合同下承租人的权利 承租人实现其权利的途径雇佣和指示条款Employment Clause承租人有权就船舶的商业运营商业运营给予指示，且（通常）有义务补偿因此类指示而给船东带来的损失雇佣指示条款的例子 Baltime 1939,Clause 9“The Master to be under the or
18、ders of the Charterers as regards employment,agency,or other arrangements.The Charterers to indemnify the owners against all consequences or liabilities arising from the Master,Officers or Agents signing Bills of Lading or other documents or otherwise complying with such orders,as well as from any i
19、rregularity in the Vessels papers or for over-carrying goods.”雇佣指示条款的例子 NYPE 1946,Clause 8“That the Captain shall prosecute his voyages with the utmost despatch,and shall render all customary assistance with the ships crew and boats.The Captain(although appointed by the Owners),shall be under the or
20、ders and directions of the Charterers as regards employment and agency;”雇佣指示条款的例子LinertimeClause 10 MasterThe Charterers to give the necessary sailing instructions,subject to the limits of the Charter.The Master to be under the orders of the Charterers as regards employment,agency,or other arrangeme
21、nts.The Master to prosecute all voyages with the utmost despatchThe Master to keep full and correct logs accessible to the Charterers or their AgentsIf the Charterers have reason to be dissatisfied with the conduct of the Masterthe Owners on receiving particulars of the complaint,promptly to investi
22、gate the matter,and,if necessary and practicable,to make a change in the appointments.雇佣指示条款的例子 Utmost despatchDuring the sea voyage the master must choose the fastest route without jeopardizing the safety of the shipBefore arrival in port,all documents must be prepared to avoid delay with formaliti
23、es The master must supervise loading and discharging in order to get the quickest possible despatch雇用补偿 承租人指示给船东造成的损失，承租人有义务补偿 该补偿如果没有明示在合同中，法律通常也会默示该补偿的存在，除非合同有相反约定。如果损失是由于航海风险(navigational risk)导致的，而不是雇佣指示导致的，那么船东不能要求补偿。船东必须证明其损失是其遵循承租人雇佣指示的直接后果(direct cause)雇用补偿 通常而言，在没有明示条款的情况下，以下两种船东遵循雇佣指示而产生的损
24、失，船东不得要求承租人补偿该指示是船东有义务拒绝的指示损失是由于船长或船员的介入行为导致雇佣指示的含义船舶和船员的利益承租人和货方的利益船长在贸易过程中通常会面对利益冲突雇佣指示的含义 通常而言，船长需要对有关船舶安全和贸易合法性的问题负责“The charterers right to use the vessel must be given full and fair effect;but it cannot encroach on matters falling within the specialised professional maritime expertise of the m
25、aster,particularly where the safety or security of the vessel,her crew and her cargo are involved.He is the person,on the vessel,immediately responsible.Technical questions concerning the operation of the vessel are for him.”雇佣指示的含义 承租人有权给予船长有关船舶商业营运的指示(commercial operation)，而船长也必须遵循此种指示 承租人无权给予船长有关
26、船舶航行安全(safe navigation)的指示，而船长也必须拒绝遵循此种指示雇佣指示的含义从A港前往B港在特定时间通过特定路线从A港前往B港在特定时间通过特定路线从A港前往B港，但是船长判断在这个时间航行或走这条航线是危险的。X雇佣指示的含义“subject to safety considerations and the specific terms of the charter,the charterers may not only order a vessel from A to B but may also direct the route to be followed betw
27、een the two.”雇佣指示与船舶适航X装载某类货物以某特定方式堆放货物，只要堆放方式是安全的以某特定方式堆放货物，但是该种堆放方式会影响船舶稳定性遵守应该拒绝的指示的后果 如果船长遵守了他本应该拒绝的指示，那么由于遵守该指示而产生的任何损失，船东不可以寻求赔偿。The owner is not entitled to any indemnity for losses or liabilities incurred whilst performing the required order since the cause of the loss or liability is not th
28、e order of the charterer but the fault or neglect of his own servant or agent.雇佣指示 船长有义务有义务(必须必须)拒绝的指示非法指示涉嫌欺诈的指示货物不清洁的情况下，承租人指示船长签发清洁提单(clean bill of lading)在付运期经过的情况下，承租人指示船长倒签提单(ante-dated bill of lading)即使承租人明确其将给与船东补偿，该补偿协议由于涉嫌欺诈也无法在法院得到执行雇佣指示 在对货物状况存在确实的争议，而承租人许诺以补偿换取船长清洁提单时，该补偿协议能够得到执行“There
29、may perhaps be some circumstances in which indemnities can properly be given.Thus,if a shipowner thinks that he has detected some faulty condition in regard to goods to be taken on board he may be assured by the shipper that he is entirely mistaken;if he is so persuaded by the shipper,it may be that
30、 he could honestly issue a clean bill of lading while taking an indemnity in case it was later shown that there had in fact been some faulty condition.Each case must depend upon its circumstances”雇佣指示 船长有权利拒绝的指示如果船长拥有拒绝遵循指示的权利，那么船东将被置于一个较好的谈判位置如果船长遵循了该指示，产生了相关损失，船东有权要求承租人补偿雇佣指示 船长有权利拒绝有权利拒绝的指示与租船合同条
31、款不一致的指示 e.g.租船合同要求签发特定格式的提单，而承租人指示船长签发另外一种格式的提单租船合同要求船长签发承租人递呈的提单(as presented/as directed)，但是该提单中含有与租船合同明显不一致(manifestly inconsistent with)的条款或不寻常(extraordinary)的条款 提单目的港在租船合同约定的航线地理范围之外 提单免除发货人装运危险货物的责任 提单要求船东承担内陆运输交付责任雇佣指示 船长有权利拒绝有权利拒绝的指示与先前指示不一致的指示 无单放货指示delivery without surrounding the bill of
32、lading 除非合同中另有条款要求船东无单放货，否则船长有权拒绝遵循无单放货指示租金支付与撤船租金支付与撤船Payment of Hire&Withdrawal of the Ship定期租船合同的主要法律问题定期租船合同的主要法律问题（三）（三）基本规则 租金是承租人使用船舶而需要支付的对价 租金必须连续continuously、准时on time、足额支付in full，除非 另有条款作出相反规定(e.g.off-hire clause)法律允许扣减(deduction allowed in law)基本规则 NYPE 1946C1.4“That the Charterers shall
33、 pay for the use and hire of the said vessel at the rate of commencing on and from the day of her delivery.;hire to continue until the hour and day of her redelivery in like good order and condition.”C1.5“Payment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States Currency,semi-monthly in a
34、dvance,and for the last half of month or part of same,the approximate amount of hire,and should same not cover the actual time,hire is to be paid for the balance day by day,as it becomes due,if so required by Owners”基本规则 如果出现争议，承租人必须证明，他没有义务连续、准时、足额支付租金。如果承租人不能够证明，则承租人行为构成违约 船东不但可以要求承租人支付欠下的租金，还可以撤船
35、(withdraw the ship)。最近的一个案件还判决船东有权索赔损失，因为连续、准时、足额支付租金的条款属于条件条款(condition)该案件正在上诉中租金支付的方式 租金支付的方式由船东和承租人自由约定现金 cash银行汇票 bank draft转账 bank transfer NYPE 1946 Clause 5：“Payment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States Currency”现金Cash包括银行常见的其他金融工具但是这些金融支付手段必须是无条件支付，即承租人付款之后，船东使用其收入的权
36、利应该不加限制租金支付的方式 不符合要求的“现金支付”无法承兑的支票有保留的银行汇票尚不能生成利息的支付租金支付的方式 Clause 11 of NYPE 93“Payment of hire shall be made so as to be received by the Owners.in funds available to the Owners on the due date”.Clause 9 of SHELLTIME 4“payment of hire shall be made in immediately available funds toin United States
37、currency in advance.”准时支付租金 租金必须按照约定的时限提前支付(in advance)必须对以下约定作出区分Per month/monthlyPer every 30 days提前支付租金 第一笔租金一般在交船前支付 剩下的每笔租金都必须在约定支付日前支付 BP Time 3 Clause 8.2:All subsequent payments of hire shall be made monthly in advance on the first day of each calendar month to the account stipulated in Part
38、 I提前支付租金 一般而言，如果约定的支付日是周末或者假期，租金必须提前一日支付。Cf.BP Time 3 Clause 8.2:if in a given month the due date is a non-banking day in the United Statesthen the subject months hire shall be paid on the next banking day 支付的截止期限为支付日的午夜(until midnight)而不是银行的下班时间。足额支付租金 NYPE 1946,Clause 5“for the last half of month
39、or part of same,the approximate amount of hire,and should same not cover the actual time,hire is to be paid for the balance day by day,as it becomes due,if so required by Owners”对于最后半个月或其中部分时间，应支付估计的租金数额，并当其不足以支付实际租用时间的租金时，经船东要求，差额租金应该按照每天支付足额支付租金 除非合同另有约定，否则租金在剩余的时间段必须足额支付（如半个月），即使承租人可以明确在这段期间过完之前船
40、舶就能够归还。GENTIME Clause 8(e)“Should the vessel be on her voyage towards the port or place of redelivery at the time payment of hire becomes due,said payment shall be made for the estimated time necessary to complete the voyage.”足额支付租金 租金不得扣减，除非合同明确允许：NYPE 1946 Clause 5:Cash for vessels ordinary disbur
41、sements at any port may be advanced as required by the Captain,by the Charterers or their agents subject to 2.5%commission and such advances shall be deducted from the hire 船舶处于停租期法律允许的扣减 承租人提起的有关燃油消耗或航速不符合约定的索赔足额支付租金 如果承租人在扣减租金的时候善意行事且基于合理基础，那么即使事实上承租人多扣减了租金，承租人的行为也不能被视为没有足额支付租金。承租人有义务返还额外扣减的租金。禁止反
42、悔Estoppel 如果船东的某些接受延迟或不足额支付的租金的行为使得一个合理的人可以认定船东没有意图坚持自己的合同权利，那么船东不能在稍后宣称承租人没有准时、足额支付租金。船东的接受行为构成禁止反悔禁止反悔Estoppel 船东沉默或者默许的行为一般不能被认定为禁止反悔。船东可以向承租人发出通知以终止先前对承租人延迟或不足额支付租金行为的认可。收到通知之后，承租人即不可再依赖船东先前的认可行为。禁止反悔原则适用的限制承租人持续违约 案例2010年7月20日，船东与承租人签订35-38个月的定期租船合同，适用NYPE标准格式。租金每月23日以前支付。船舶起租后不久就出现了租家反复迟延支付租金的
43、情形，而且伴随着拖欠租金越来越严重的情况，最后出现了某几期租金一直没有支付的情况。2011年10月，船东通知转租承租人其针对转租运费和转租租金行使留置权，并且船东向承租人发了法定求偿书（statutory demand），要求承租人支付高达一百万美元的拖欠租金。但是承租人仍未按照法定求偿书的要求付款。此外，在11月1日，船东发现转租租约中的条款被修改，其效果是删除了船东对于转租运费和转租租金的留置权。船东据此推断：这种修改的目的在于使得承租人可以自行收取转租运费和转租租金，并可在其拖欠租金的情况下继续运营船舶。禁止反悔原则适用的限制承租人持续违约 案例（续）到了11月11日（周五），船东决定终
44、止租约，理由是承租人不能继续支付租金且承租人持续不支付租金的行为构成毁约。船东因此在11月12日通知船长，要求船长在船舶离开鲅鱼圈港后将船舶驶往合适的区域并等待船东的进一步指示。船舶于11月9日抛锚停泊在鲅鱼圈港。11月14日，船舶完成卸货并驶离鲅鱼圈港；同一天，船舶通知承租人指出其构成毁约，且船东接受该等毁约并终止租约。承租人答复称：船东的撤船是错误的，且船东撤船本身构成毁约。禁止反悔原则适用的限制承租人持续违约仲裁庭裁决1.承租人持续不支付租金行为构成毁约，船东有权在合理期间内考虑并就是否接受毁约或确认继续履约作出决定2.船东11月9日之后允许船舶继续卸货的行为构成对租约继续履行效力的确认
45、（禁止反悔）3.在船东明确确认继续履行租约之后，即使承租人继续表示出其不履行租约的意图，船东也不能解除租约禁止反悔原则适用的限制承租人持续违约 船东上诉，法院判决：在毁约是持续性的情况下，对履行租约的确认并非不可撤销。因此，在船东确认继续履行租约后，如果承租人还是继续毁约，则船东接受承租人的持续毁约这一行为并不构成船东的毁约。在此情况下，船东有权终止租约并就承租人的毁约索赔损失。仲裁庭上述第三点法律问题裁决错误。案件结论：发回重审在船东确认了继续履行租约之后，承租人是否有持续毁约的行为？船东的救济在承租人没有准时、足额支付租金的情况下，船东有以下四种救济方式1.索赔损失Claims Damag
46、es2.撤船 withdrawal of the ship3.中止履行义务 suspension of service 4.行使留置权 Lien on cargo索赔损失 没有准时、足额支付租金是一种违约行为 船东有权索赔未支付租金，并索赔相应利息索赔损失 近期案例显示船东还可以索赔由于延迟支付租金而导致的进一步损失 该案例判决：NYPE格式中支付租金条款是一个条件条款单次没有支付租金使得船东有权终止租约并且要求赔偿损失 该案例之前的法律地位是NYPE中支付租金条款并非条件条款，所以船东不能索赔撤船后重新租船之后新租金收入与原租金收入之间的差价。如果船东希望在合同终止后获得预期收入的赔偿，则必
47、须通过证明承租人的行为构成毁约以终止合同，而一般来说只有当承租人发生一系列违约行为时才构成毁约。该案例改变了上述法律地位。在过去，船东通常很不情愿行使其撤船的权利，因为这可能意味着他们如果在此之后重新将船舶以比较低的价格出租出去的话，这之间的差价损失是无法得到赔偿的。在这样的情况下，船东只能选择等待并且需要作出一个很困难的判断：即，到底什么时候承租人的行为构成了毁约性违约。正是由于这样的困境，导致许多承租人认为他们只有在未支付数期租金之后，才有可能面临撤船及损害赔偿的风险。而现在这种做法的风险大为增加。撤船 NYPE 1946“Payment of said hire to be made i
48、n New York in cash in United States currency,semi-monthly in advance.otherwise failing the punctual and regular payment of the hire.the Owners shall be at liberty to withdraw the vessel from the service of the Charterers without prejudice to any claim they(the Owners)may otherwise have on the Charte
49、rers.”撤船 撤船条款赋予船东撤船的权利，而不论承租人是否存在过错 如果没有撤船条款，那么船东必须证明承租人故意拒绝付款或者承租人没有足够资金付款，才能撤船。撤船 撤船终止的仅仅是定期租船合同而不包括其他合同，如提单 如果船东同时也是提单合同的承运人，那么船东在撤船之后必须履行提单合同将货物交付至目的地。否则船东将违反提单合同。船东撤船时机十分关键。在下述两个条件同时达成时，船东撤船较好：第一，承租人没有支付租金；第二，船上没有货物。撤船 案例船东将一条超级油轮VLCC期租给了承租人，租期36个月，适用标准期租合同Shelltime 3。租金按月提前支付。根据租船合同，承租人应该在2008
50、年5月31日午夜之前支付新一期的租金，但是承租人却没有支付。6月2日下午2点41分，船东确认没有收到租金之后，就向承租人发出撤船通知。此时，船舶正在巴西的一个港口装货，6月1号时一部分货物已经装船完毕撤船案例（续）在撤船通知中，船东指示船长停止装货，并要求承租人在巴西港口就地安排卸货。另外，撤船通知同时说明，在不影响船东撤船权利的情况下，船东也愿意以市场程租的价格为承租人跑一个航次（此时市场程租的价格远远高于期租合约租金）承租人在收到撤船通知之后，试图说服船东收回撤船决定，但是被拒绝。船东在回函中指出：承租人此时面临两个选择：第一，接受船东建议，向船东支付市场程租船舶的价格以完成这个航次；第二
