1、v吕叔湘:对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的区别。v词汇层面比较词汇层面比较v句子层面比较句子层面比较v语篇层面比较语篇层面比较v文化层面比较文化层面比较v语用层面比较语用层面比较v吕叔湘:v给英汉对比研究论文集(王菊泉、郑立信编)题词:v指明事物的异同所在不难,追究它们何以有此异同就不那么容易了。而这恰恰是对比研究的最终目的。vPeter Newmark:the largest quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of the word.(1988:55)v文本翻译的大多数工作都是在词汇层面上完成的。v英语
2、词汇若干特点英语词汇若干特点 v1、丰富的同义词、丰富的同义词选词选词vJohnson:Words are seldom exactly synonymous.v英国语言学家英国语言学家C.L.雷恩:雷恩:“English is among the easiest languages to speak badly,but the most difficult to use well.”v词源不同:词源不同:v临危不惧临危不惧vbrave -源自意大利语vbold -古英语vcourageous 古法语vvalorous,valiant -源自拉丁语v表示“生气”/“发怒”:angry表示一般生
3、气;irate表示怒形于色;indignant表示义愤;wrathful表示盛怒;enraged表示狂怒;infuriated表示因忿恨而愤怒之意;incensed则有激怒之意。v 表示“切”/“割”这一动作的动词,有:cut,chop,slice,mince,hack,hew,pare,slash,whittle,prune,truncate,incise,excise;chisel 等等。v表示“走”/“步行”这种动作的,有下面一些词:walk,go,stroll,saunter,trudge,plod,toddle,stride,march,trot,strut,stalk,shuffl
4、e,wobble,amble等。(1)词义轻重不同)词义轻重不同v例如表示“打破打破”的词vbreak 最一般/通用的词语,意思是经打击或施压而破碎。vcrack 出现了裂缝,但还没有变成碎片。vcrush 从外面用力往内或从上往下压而致碎。vdemolish 破坏或铲平(如土堆、建筑物、城堡等)。vdestroy 完全摧毁,使之无法复原。vshatter 突然使一物体粉碎。vsmash 由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。v又如表示“闪光闪光”的词。vshine 照耀;指光的稳定发射。vglitter 闪光;指光的不稳定发射。vglare 耀眼;表示光的最强度。vsparkle 闪烁;
5、指发射微细的光度。v(2)词义范围大小和侧重不同)词义范围大小和侧重不同vagriculture,farming,cultivation,agronomy:vagriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程,所包含的范围最广。vfarming 指农业的实践。vcultivation 指农作物的栽培过程。vagronomy 农学,指把科学原理运用到农业耕作的实践。v又如:vcountry 表示国家的地理范畴。vnation 体现在共同的地域和政府下的全民概念vland 给人以国土或家园之感。vstate 指国家的政治实体vpower 表示国家的实力v(3)形容对象和强调的内容不同)
6、形容对象和强调的内容不同:vempty 用来形容 house,room,cup,box,stomach,head,words 等,表示“空的,一无所有”;vvacant 可用来形容 position,room,house,seat等次表示“没有人占用的,出缺的。”vhollow 可与 tree,voice,sound,cheeks 等词连用,表示“空洞的,虚的,不实的,下陷的。”vblank 空白的,无表情的,无思想的,可形容look,mind,page,check等v 汉译英时,“说说”这个词在不同上下文中可分别译成:“speak”,“tell”,“say”,“express”,“menti
7、on”,“persuade”等等。v他说英语。He speaks English.v他说谎。Hes telling a lie.v他说他很忙。He says he is busy.v我说不好。Im unable to express.v这可说不得。It must not be mentioned.v别胡说八道!Be reasonable!v2、一词多义和一词多用的现象、一词多义和一词多用的现象选选义义v在现代欧洲语言中,英语词形变化最简单,在现代欧洲语言中,英语词形变化最简单,所以一词多用(多类:词类),一词多义所以一词多用(多类:词类),一词多义的现象比较普遍。的现象比较普遍。v一词多义的根
8、源是词义的演变。一个词产生新的词义后,旧义可能消亡,也可能保存。一词多义是语言的普遍现象,只不过英语比其他语言多。在牛津大词典中,“cut”作为动词将近一百五十个义项。介词“of”有六十三个义项;动词“take”有一百二十三个义项。根据韦氏大学字典(Websters Collegiate Dictionary)所列单词意义,“lead”有33个意义,“make”有41个意义,“light”-有47个意义,“run”有54个意义。v词的多义性给我们理解与翻译英语带来了许多困难。因此,结合上下文,正确地辨析词义,对于理解原文,忠实地表达原作,保证译文的质量,具有头等重要的意义。vgood 好的 a
9、 good Christian虔诚的教徒a good parent慈爱的父母a good child孝顺的儿女a good wife贤良的妻子a good husband尽职的丈夫v好good v好教徒a faithful Christianv好父母a loving parentv好儿女an obedient childv好妻子a virtuous wifev好丈夫 a dutiful husbandv一词多义歧义 vabout 关于=concerning;周围=aroundvShe listened with interest to the conversation going on abo
10、ut her.v She listened with interest to the conversation going on concerning her.v她津津有味地听别人谈论自己。vShe listened with interest to the conversation going on around her.v她津津有味地听着周围的人的谈话。vcertain 可靠的=sure;某些=somevIndependently of his earnings he has a certain income.vIndependently of his earnings he has a
11、sure income.v除工资外,他还有一笔可靠的收入。vIndependently of his earnings he has some income.v除工资外,他还有某些收入。v1 词义的宽窄(语义错位)v2 角度和联想v3 习俗和文化v4 涵义和搭配v5 排列顺序v6 词汇的空缺1 词义宽窄的不同词义宽窄的不同 汉语有些词涵义较英语宽,如:山hill,mountain/借lend,borrow/拿 take,bring,fetch/叫 cry,shout,call/笑smile,laugh/鼠mouse,rat/羊 sheep,goat 英语中有些词涵义比汉语宽,如:wear 穿、
12、戴/river 江、河/marriage 娶、嫁/net 网、帐子/gun枪、炮尤以称呼语为典型:vbrother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友vbrother-in-law姻兄、姻弟、内兄、内弟、姊夫、妹夫、大伯、小叔vuncle 伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父、姨父vsister 姊、妹、姑、姨、嫂vaunt伯母、大妈、婶娘、叔母、姨母、姑母、舅母、姑妈、阿姨v酒酒 -v葡萄酒 winev威士忌酒 whiskeyv啤酒 beerv=酒文化?v杯子杯子 -v玻璃杯 glassv茶杯 cupv平底大玻璃杯 tumblerv=我买了十个杯子。?观察事物的角度和联想不同观察事物的角度和联想不同 eye眼睛
13、:没有完全的同义词vwalking-tractor-由驾驶者扶着走/手扶拖拉机-用手扶vClose the door behind you.-着眼点在人所处的位置/随手关门-着眼于手vchair days-以老年人总是坐着来象征/暮年-以天色的早晚来比喻vlie on ones back;lie on ones stomach-以身体的前后为准(侧卧:lie on ones side)v更多联想不同的例子:vlaugh off your head 笑掉了牙vas timid as a hare 胆小如鼠vto drink like a fish 牛饮vas strong as a horse
14、气壮如牛 vat sixes and sevens 乱七八糟vlike a cat on hot bricks 热锅上蚂蚁va sea of faces 人山人海vgoose pimples 鸡皮疙瘩v 习俗不同,文化背景不同习俗不同,文化背景不同 v宗教有关:vto wear ones Sunday best穿上最好的衣服(to church)vas poor as a church mouse一贫如洗vfools paradise 黄粱美梦vLike priest,like people 师高弟子强v海洋和航海有关:vto know the ropes 内行,懂其秘诀vto sail on
15、es own boat独立行动vas close/dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶vcast/lay/have an anchor to windward 未雨绸缪vto tide over 安然渡过vto go with the stream 随波逐流vto clear the decks 准备战斗vall at sea 晕头转向vplain sailing 一帆风顺vto rest on ones oars 小憩片刻vto keep ones head above water 奋力求生v农业有关:v牛:多如牛毛,体壮如牛,老黄牛v斩草除根;解甲归田;拔苗助长;v顺藤摸瓜;瓜熟蒂
16、落;桃李满天下v 词的涵义与搭配不同词的涵义与搭配不同 v用名词作定语修饰词,反映了当代英语简约的总趋势,但这类搭配译成汉语时,要作必要的调整,常常需要增补汉语动词。如:vparent ticket发给家长的入场券vshoe habit 穿鞋的习惯vwheat farmers种小麦的农民vstreet sense在街上辨方向的能力vlife work 为之奋斗了一生的工作vsmog fighters 清除烟尘的工作人员vcommunity gossips 在邻里间流传的风言风语vage group 按年龄划分的人群v 词的前后排列顺序不同词的前后排列顺序不同 v前后 back and fort
17、hv左右 right and leftv新旧 old and newv水陆 land and waterv贫富 rich and poorv田径 track and fieldv迟早 sooner or laterv同一的 one and the samev唯一的 one and onlyv不论晴雨 rain or shinev东西南北 North,South,East and Westv衣食住行 food,clothing,housing,transportv6 词汇的空缺词汇的空缺v如:v万ten thousandv礼ritual礼仪courtesy礼节ceremony礼仪 阴阳、道、天干
18、地支、赤脚医生 hotdog,hamburgerv基督教文化vvicar,priest,churchman,clergy,blackcoat,chaplain,minister,pastorv牧师(笼统)vRain vR is roaring thundervA is amazing lighteningvI is incredible downpourvN is nothing to do.v雨雨v雨是咆哮的雷霆v雨是骇人的闪电v雨是难以置信的大雨倾盆v雨意味着百无聊赖。v选词的要求选词的要求v1 词语要规范v2 词义要确切v3 用词要贴切v4 词语的声音要和谐美丽v1 词语要规范词语要规范
19、v选用浅易的语言,全民的、现代的、通用的词语v不要用过于生僻和正式的词语v例:夏天,我们起得早,睡得早。vIn the summer we rise and retire early.vIn the summer we get up early and go to bed early.v同时她请求老师不要处罚她的顽皮的弟弟。vIn the interim she importuned the teacher not to punish her naughty brother.vIn the meantime she begged the teacher not to punish her na
20、ughty brother.v不要滥用外来词、技术术语和古词vI was not present when that subject came to tapis.(法语词)vI was not present when that subject was under discussion.v讨论那个问题时,我不在场。vThere lived a husbandman,who had two sons.(古词或圣经用语)vThere lived a farmer,who had two sonsv曾经有个农妇,他有两个儿子v2 词义要确切词义要确切vInvent/discover v.发明;发现v
21、Columbus invented America.vColumbus discovered America.v哥伦布发现美洲。vMarconi discovered wireless telegraphy.vMarconi invented wireless telegraphy.v马可尼发明了无线电报。v在学校里我们学汉语、数学、英文以及其他科目。vAt school we study Chinese,mathematics,English and some other lessons.(功课、课文)vAt school we study Chinese,mathematics,Engli
22、sh and some other subjects.(科目)v3 用词要贴切用词要贴切v散文家秦牧:“如果不能把事物的细微不同处描绘出来,就不可能有栩栩传神的魅力。”而要描绘出事物的细微不同,就得从众多的同义词中精选最合适的那一个。vThe mysteries of the unknown arouse curiosity that must be fulfilled.vfulfill 满足(需要、要求、愿望等)vsatisfy 满足(好奇心)vThe mysteries of the unknown arouse curiosity that must be satisfied.vWe m
23、ay expect food consumption to increase everywhere because of the growth of people.v由于人口的增长,我们不难预料各地的粮食消耗均会增长。vWe may expect food consumption to increase everywhere because of the increase in population.(习惯上)vShe gazed about her.v她向四周扫了一眼。v凝视,注视 与about(四周)不搭配vglance:看一眼,迅速地一瞥vShe glanced about her.v他
24、看了一下表,说七点钟了。vHe glanced at his watch and told me it was seven.(比 looked更贴切)v我没有仔细地看今天的报纸,我只是浏览了一下标题。vI didnt read todays newspaper very carefully,I just had time to glance over the headlines.vlook-gaze“感慨、惊异、着迷”;stare“好奇、愚钝”vThe travellers gazed at the Great Hall of the people,and were amazed by its
25、 grandeur and magnificance.v游客们凝视着人民大会堂,无不为它的宏伟壮丽而感到惊奇。vThe children stared at the foreign visitors.孩子们好奇地望着外宾。v注意语境和通篇的语体,使得每个词在上下文中得体、自然、和谐vI enjoyed studying Plato,because among other things I got the lowdown on what is meant by a Platonic friendship.俚语vI enjoyed studying Plato,because among othe
26、r things I learned what is meant by a Platonic friendship.v我喜欢阅读柏拉图的著作,因为我懂得了许多事情,其中也包括柏拉图式的友谊。v有时需避免重复用词vLenin knew many foreign languages.He had a good knowledge of German,French and English,which he was continually studying and could translate from,and he could also read Polish and Italian.v列宁懂得许
27、多外语。他的德文、法文和英文都很好。他一直学习这三种语言,而且能够翻译这三种语言的书籍,同时他还能阅读波兰文和意大利文。v4 词语的声音要和谐美丽词语的声音要和谐美丽v高尔基:作为一种感人的力量,语言的真正的美,产生于言辞的准确、明晰和动听。v语言的声音效果也是选词的一个重要方面v不要在一个词内或相邻的几个词里过多地出现咝音和唏音vI foresaw a thousand sensational hypocries.太多的“s”音v避免同一音组的过多重复vIt is a remarkable fact that some of the most remarkable men in ancient times combined warlike pursuits with political ambition.v避免过多的单音节词连在一起(有张无弛)vOnce one man come to me and said.