1、-Chapter 1 Culture-Learning objectives:1.Understand the definitions of culture.2.Describe the functions and characteristics of culture.3.Summarize the process of the formation of cultural identity.Chapter Outline CultureAnthropological Intercultural Formation Characteristics SubcultureCo-cultureSubg
2、roupThe Nature of CultureCultural IdentityDefinitionDefinitions LearnedDynamicPervasiveSociologicalIntegratedadaptiveCultures within CultureCharacteristics Psychological-Lead-in Activity 1:wMake a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what they express about who the people of your
3、 culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures.which image do you prefer?Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world?-wThink about the following similes and metaphors,how do you think culture is related to the re
4、ferences?w1.Culture is like an iceberg.w2.Culture is our software.w3.Culture is like the water a fish swims in.w4.Culture is the grammar of our behavior.The Nature of Culture Behaviour Traditions Artefacts buildings,clothes,art etc.What lies under the surface?1.The culture iceberg-What lies under th
5、e surface?w cultural beliefs（e.g.how people should behave）w cultural perceptions（e.g.which people are beautiful）w cultural attitudes（e.g.which people are most important in society）w cultural values（e.g.whats important in life）?Which things below the surface influence us most?How can we become aware
6、of our own deep culture?How can we recognize it in others?Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?w What and how people eatw How to keep healthyw How to raise childrenw How to do businessw How to use timew How to introduce peoplew How to participate in ceremoniesw
7、 Rules for gesturesw Rules for facial expressions and eye contactw Etiquettew Work speedw What is right or wrong,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,good or bad,etc.-2.Culture Is Our Softwarew Why is culture compared to the software of peoples mind?Cite some examples to illustrate it.w The society arou
8、nd us is not an entirely objective reality,for everyone of us helps to construct our world.Culture is the shared set of mental and psychological principles that exist in people minds.-3.Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In“Out of water”=Out of Contextw As a schooled fishw“Water”is my culturew O
9、ther Waters or Air are other cultural contextsw“I want my context to feel comfortable!”-4.Culture Is the Grammar of Our BehaviorThe collective agreement governs peoples behavior and gives people guidelines about what things mean,what is important,and what should or should not be done.The Nature of C
10、ulture:Culture is like.G_S_I_W_-DEFINITIONS OF CULTUREAccording to The Concise Oxford Dictionary,culture is“the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.-DEFINITIONS OF CULTUREw 1.Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspectivew 2.Defining Culture
11、from the Psychological Perspective w 3.Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspectivew 4.Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspectivew 5.Our Definition of Culture-1.Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspectivew“Culture consists of patterns,explicit and implicit,of and for behavio
12、r acquired and transmitted by symbols,constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups,including their embodiments(体现）in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.-Kroeber and Kluckhohn-2.Defining Culture from the Psychologica
13、l Perspectivew culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.-Geert Hofstede-3.Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspectivew According to the social scientists:“Culture is defined as a pattern of learned,group-related p
14、erceptionincluding both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes,values,belief system,disbelief systems,and behavior”.-wActivity:Key wordswFind out the key words shared by the three definitions above.Write them down and try to make up your own definition of culture according to the key words.wKey wor
15、ds:-4.Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspectivew“Culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”Bates and Plog-SYMBOLSWHAT DO THEY REPRESENT?-A WAY OF OVERCOMING MANS VULNERABILITY(弱点）ACQUIRE
16、D THROUGH SOCIALIZATIONTHUS,MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTURECONCLUSION:CULTURE IS-The vulnerability of human beingsw Culture is what distinguish humans from animals.Human beings do not have built-in instincts for survival that are biologically predetermined.But it is just th
17、is inborn weakness that makes man exceed animals in earning himself a better life.Four different definitions of“Culture”I_S_P_A_-Basic Functions of Culturew Culture makes all things easy.-by providing meaning to events,objects and people-making life less confusing-by providing us with structure-the
18、skills and rules necessary to adapt to our world1 Physiological(hunger,thirst,etc)2 Safety(security,protection)3 Belongingness(sense of belonging,love)4 Esteem(self-esteem,recognition,status)5Self-actualization(self-development and realization)A culture can also be understood as a particular way to
19、satisfy our human needs.Lets follow Abraham Maslow(1908-1970,American psychologist)!-The Characteristics of Culturew Case Study Richard,an engineer from the United States,was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England.This was a purely social,relaxed occasion.Tea
20、was served along with sugar and cream.As he helped himself to some sugar and cream,he sensed he had done something wrong.Can you tell what went wrong?“Help yourself”VS.“Be my guest”ADAPTIVELEARNEDDYNAMICINTEGRATEDPERVASIVECULTURE ISThe Characteristics of Culture-Culture is Learned w We learn our cul
21、ture in many ways and from a variety of sources,either consciously or unconsciously.One way is by means of proverbs that offer in a vivid way an important set of instructions for members to follow.ethnic-Culture is Dynamic w Cultures,once formed,are stable,but are at the same time changing with the
22、development of human society.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change,the deep structure of culture resists major alterations.ethnic-Culture is Integrated w The elements of culture are closely linked as if in a complex chain like system.You touch a culture in one place and everything e
23、lse is affected.ethnic Case Study Several months ago I was in a bus in Urumqi.A young man,who seemed like a college student,sat several rows ahead of me.He stared at me since I got on the bus.we passed one bus stop after another.Suddenly he rose from his seat,came to sit by me and just started a ver
24、y unpleasant conversation with his speedy English.“Do you have a wife?”“How old are you?”“Have you ever been away from Urumqi for a long time?what embarrassed me was not the conversation atmosphere,or his long stare at me while witting so close,neither were so many questions we westerners would neve
25、r ask.What was really embarrassing was his familiarity with my whereabouts.He had obviously been observing me for at least one year,which truly made my flesh creep.wWhy do you think the young man asked the foreign teacher such questions?And why was the foreigner frightened?Cultural Identity-Cultural
26、 Identityw w Cultural identity refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or group.People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.ethnic Considering Identity&Context What are my Cultural Influences?My C
27、ulture My GroupMe-w Jacky Chen,Chinese famous Kong Fu movie star,expresses his loyalty to Chinese culture by wearing Chinese traditional clothes and advocating Chinese culture.-CULTURE:ELEMENTSStage 1Material or artifact,including dresses,buildings,food,etc.Stage 2Stage 3Institutional,including fami
28、ly,education,law,etc.values/beliefs.Including ideas like freedom,democracy,equality,etc.-wPoint out peculiar expressions or behaviors of teachers,lawyers,doctors,policemen and sportsmen.Are they subcultures or subgroups?Cultures Within Culture-DOMINANT CULTURE AND SUBCULTURE/CO-CULTUREwCulture is su
29、bdivided into dominant culture,mainstream culture,and subculture(s),which coexist within each culture.wA subculture resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses(包括）a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation of generations of human striving.However,subcultures have some important differences:they exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class,ethnicity（种族渊源）,race,or geographic region.w Today the tendency is to say co-culture and sub-groups to avoid prejudice.
