1、 Chapter 8 History of Britain The beginning of BritainThe beginning of Britainl The Early settlers(-55B.C.)l Roman Britain(55B.C.-410A.D.)l Anglo-Saxon Britain(410-871)l Viking Britain(871-1042)l Norman Conquest(1066)The Early Settlers(-55 B.C.)The Early Settlers(-55 B.C.)l8,000 years agol Great Bri
2、tain became an islandlNatives of Britainl Iberians(3000BC-2000BC)l The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area l Stonehenge in Southwest Englandl Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC l The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attractionThe Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 B
3、C.l tall and golden-haired l from Central Europel farmersl warlike peopleRoman Britain(55 B.C.-Roman Britain(55 B.C.-410410)lBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.For nearly 400 years,Britain was under the Roman occupation,though it was never a total occupation.Roman InvasionRoman
4、InvasionInvasionTimeInvaders155 and 54 B.CRoman GeneralJulius Caesar243 A.D.Roman EmperorClaudiusRoman CivilizationRoman Civilizationl The month“July”is named after Julius Caesar himself.l Christianity to Britainl Extraordinary achievement in building roads “All Roads Lead to Rome”l Hadrians Wall En
5、glands great wall 2000 years agolRoman influence on Britain was Roman influence on Britain was limited.limited.First,the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.Second,never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.Third,the Romans had no impact on th
6、e language or culture of ordinary Britons.lAnglo-Saxon Britain(410-871)Anglo-Saxon Britain(410-871)Basis of Modern English race:the Anglo-SaxonslThe Angle,Saxon,and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centurieslThe Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany and Denmark.lThe Heptarchy:seven prin
7、cipal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria contended for hegemony lSt.St.AugustinAugustinl The first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601l He built the Canterbury Cathedral.l He introduced Christianity to England.l The founder of the English churchlKing ArthurKing Arthu
8、rlThe best-known English legendlThe 5th centuryl Storyl King Arthur united the BritishlHis famous round table knightslDrove the Saxons back with his magical swordlA hero of British,who leads the defense against the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the early 6th centuryViking(871-1042)Viking(871-1042)l Invasi
9、on timel In the late 8th centuryl From Denmarkl Norsemen,“people from the North”l From 1017 to 1041l England was ruled by Danish kings.lAlfred the GreatAlfred the Greatl The king of Wessexl The father of British navyl A capable military leaderland administratorlWestminster AbbeyWestminster Abbeyl In
10、 1042l By Edward,King of England,a faithful Christianl One of the oldest buildings in Londonl A living monument to British historyl Almost all English kings have been crowned there.lInfluences of the Danish InvasionInfluences of the Danish Invasionl Many Danish words became a part of the British voc
11、abulary.Such as:sky,they,their,them,bank,gate,guess etc.l British system of counting was adopted from the Danes.Like:dozen,penny,foot.l Many names of English towns are borrowed from the Danes.lNorman ConquestNorman Conquestl The last foreign invasion in England l The best-known event in English hist
12、oryl Duke William of Normandy,from northern FrancelWilliam is often referred to as William the Conqueror.lOn October 14,1066lWilliam and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings.lWilliam was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey,known as William I of England.lThis invasion
13、 is called Norman Conquest.lInfluences of Norman ConquestInfluences of Norman Conquestl Languagel-French replaced English as the language of the ruling classes.l-The period of Middle English began.l Architecturel The Tower of London(The most famous castle)l England became a land of castleslDoomsday
14、Bookl-the base for future taxationl-a useful source of information for the monarchslRobin HoodRobin Hoodl Englands best-loved legendl Heroic Saxonlnoblemen oppressed by the Normansl“Merry men”robbed from the rich to give to the poor.lBritish Invasion HistoryInvasion TimeInvaders43 A.D.The Romans5th
15、centuryThe Angles and Saxons8th centuryThe Viking1066The NormanslPart II The Feudal Britain Part II The Feudal Britain(1066-1485)lKey Points:l1.Common Lawl2.The Magna Cartal3.The beginning of Parliamentl4.The decline of feudalismlFeudal BritainFeudal Britainl Norman Conquest marked the establishment
16、 of feudalism in Englandl1.After the Norman Conquest,feudalism was established in England.l2.The nobility gradually gained power.l3.State mechanism was gradually established such as the parliamentary system and the common law.lThe succession of monarchsThe succession of monarchslKings:lWilliam I(106
17、6-1154)-(grandson)-lHenry II(1154-1189)-(son)-lRichard I(1189-1199)-(brother)-lKing John(1199-1216)-(son)-lHenry III(1216-1272)-lEdward III-lAchievements:lNorman conquest-the common law-crusades-the Magna Carta-the beginning of parliament-the establishment of parliamentary system.lThe beginning of t
18、he The beginning of the parliamentparliamentl When?l-1264,The nobles defeated the kingl Who?l-Simon de Monfort VS Henry IIIlHow?lSimon de Monfort made changes in the formation of the Great Councill-added some commoners into the councill Significance?l-laid the foundation for the development of the E
19、nglish parliamentlThe decline of FeudalismThe decline of FeudalismlRoot:lthe foundation of the manor system was shakenlSeveral events shook the foundation of the feudal society.lThe Hundred Years WarlThe Black MouthlTylers RebellionlThe War of the RoseslThe Hundred Years WarThe Hundred Years WarlTim
20、e:1337-1453l Eventl A series of wars between England and Francel Unexpected benefitsl The ruling Normans began to regard England as their home.l English was reestablished as the official language.lJoan of ArcJoan of Arcl A famous peasant girll Under Joan of Arc,French won a number of victories.l Reg
21、arded as a national French heroine.T The War of the Roseshe War of the Roses A series of civil wars between supporters of Lancaster and York.l The badgesl a red rose Vs.a white onel Reasonl In 1455 the Duke of York tried toldisplace the Lancaster king,Henry VI.l Resultl In 1485,Henry Tudor,as Henry
22、VII,lfounded the Tudor Monarchy.The Beginning of the Modern The Beginning of the Modern WorldWorldlFrom the 16th to the 20th centuryRuling HousesRuling PeriodHouse of Tudor1485-1603House of Stuart1603-1649House of Stuart(restored)1660-1714House of Hanover1714-1910 Part III Part III House of TudorlKe
23、y points:l The Enclosure Movementl Geographical Discoveryl The Renaissancel The Reformationl Henry VIIIl Bloody Maryl The Elizabethan Agel1.The Enclosure Movement1.The Enclosure MovementIn the 16th century,the development oftextile industry pushed up the price of wool.Landlords began to turn large a
24、reas ofarable land into sheep grazing land.l2.Geographical Discovery2.Geographical Discoveryl Why?l-A shortage of gold&silver caused by the increaselin production&the expansion of trade in Europe.l When?In the 15th centuryl How?lrush for gold-rush for spice-geographical discoveryl Who?l-Portugal,Spa
25、nish,BritainlBritish expansionBritish expansionl In 1497,John Cabot sailed to New-found land in North Americal Sir Francis Drake,the first Englishman who sailed round the world.l Chartered Companies.l-The East India Companyl3.The Renaissance3.The Renaissancel When?late 14th C the early 16th Cl Where
26、?Italy-the rest of Europel What?lThe rebirth of interest in classic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome which were neglected by the Europeans in the Middle Ages.lWho?l-many literary figureslWilliam ShakespearelThomas More,lEdmund Spencer,lFrancis Bacon,lChristopher MarlowelWhat do they have in commo
27、n?l-praised life and attacked feudal cruelty,ignorance and destruction of human rightsl-promoted education and reforml-voiced enduring ideasl4.The Reformation4.The Reformationl When?1517-1646l Who?Martin Lutherl Where?West Europel What?lA great revolution in the Christian churchl Results?l-it ended
28、the supreme power of the Pope of the Christian churchl-two religious camps were formed:Catholic and ProtestantlThe English ReformationThe English Reformationl Who?King Henry VIIIl Why?Henry VIIIs ldivorcel Results?l Married six timesl-the King declared himself as thelsupreme Head of the Church of En
29、glandl-the religious authority was transferred successfully from the Pope to the king.lBloody MaryBloody Maryl Who?l-Mary Tudor,la sincere Catholicl Why bloody?l-she persecuted trueProtestants and executedmore than 300 peoplelElizabeth IElizabeth I(1553-1603)l The last Tudor monarchl The Golden Agel
30、 The English navyldefeated the SpanishlArmada in 1588l The flourishing of English drama Part IV Part IV House of Stuart House of StuartlKey pointsl The Divine right of Kingsl Charles Il The Civil Warl Cromwelll Restorationl The Glorious RevolutionlCharles I(1625-1649)Charles I(1625-1649)lBelieflBeli
31、eved in the old theory“Divine right of Kings”lThe kings power came directly from God,not from the people.lDismissed parliament for 11 yearslThe Civil War(1642-1649)The Civil War(1642-1649)l Eventl Charles I burst into the Houses of Parliament to arrest leading members of the Parliament.l Betweenl Th
32、e Roundheads(supporters of Parliament)The Cavaliers(supporters of the King)lResult of the Civil Warl The execution of Charles Il Oliver Cromwell formed republicanlEngland,the Commonwealth of England.l English monarchy was abolished.lRestorationRestorationl Who?Charles IIl When?1661,4,23.l How?l-poli
33、tically,restore the old social orderl-religiously,reestablished a new systeml-economically,established Englishlcolonies in AmericalThe Industrial Revolution(1780-The Industrial Revolution(1780-18301830)l The industrial Revolution refers to themechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in s
34、ocial and economic organization in Britain in the late18th and early 19th centuries.lConsequences of the industrial Consequences of the industrial RevolutionRevolutionl1 Britain was by 1830 the“workshop of the world”;l2 Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.l3 Mechanization
35、destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it.The working men worked and lived in a appallingconditions.l4 The industrial revolution created the industrial working class,the proletariat,and it later led to trade unionism.lThe Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolutionl When?1688l Why?
36、l-The parliament did not want a Catholic succession after the Kings death.l What?l-The parliament invited Mary and Williamto rule England togetherl-in 1689,the Bill of Rights became lawlSignificance?l-a new system,the ConstitutionallMonarchy,was bornl-the political struggle between the king and the
37、parliament came to an endl-the end of the divine right of the kingl-the Act of Succession in 1701,noCatholic monarchlQueen VictoriaQueen Victorial The Grandmother of Europe”l The longest reign(1837-1901)l Victorias TimelBritain became the mostpowerful and richestcountry in the world.lBritish Empire
38、reached itshighest point and wascalled“the Empire on whichthe sun never sets”.lBritain in World War IBritain in World War Il Resultl-Victoriousl-A huge national debtl-Lost her sea supremacyl-Overtaken by the lUnited StateslBritain in World War IIBritain in World War IIlBorrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada.lOver 1,000 million pounds of overseas investments were sold.lEconomy slid from the 2nd largest economy tolthe 6th in the world.
