1、Part The Literature of Colonial AmericaPart The Literature of Reason and RevolutionPart American Romanticism 1820-1865Part American Realism 1865-1910Part American Modernism 1910-1960Part Post-Modernism or Pluralism in American Literature1960-1.Historical Introduction 2.The First American Writer 3.Ea
2、rly New England Literature 4.Authors and their works1.1 Early Settlementsu1492:Columbus reached the AmericasuThe early 1600s:the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North AmericauThe earliest settlers:Dutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,Italians,and PortugueseuAll contributed to
3、 the forming of the American civilization,but the colonies that became the first United States were for the most part English1.2.Jamestown The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607.1.3.May FlowerNovember,1620:The puritans dropped anchor at
4、Cape Cod（科德角）and established their colony at Plymouth Economic Reason:In the 1620s severe economic depression in England(enclosure movement)Virginia was founded by London Compony in 1607.Religious Reason:The ascension of Charles I to the throne-who was known to be sympathetic to Roman Catholicism an
5、d impatient with Puritan reformers was taken as an ominous sign for Puritans.Massachusetts was founded by Puritans in 1620.Political Reason:In the 1630s,arbitrary rule by Englands Charles I gave impetus to the migration.Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression.5.1
6、In the north-east of America 5.2 Consisting of Maine(缅因）,New Hampshire（新罕尔布什尔）,Vermont（佛蒙特）,Massachusetts（马萨诸塞）,Rhode Island（罗得岛）,Connecticut（康涅狄格）.5.3 Named by Captain John SmithAK Alaska AL Alabama AR Arkansas AZ Arizona CA California CO Colorado CT Connecticut DC District of Columbia DE Delaware
7、FL Florida GA Georgia HI Hawaii IA Iowa ID Idaho IL Illinois IN Indiana KS Kansas KY Kentucky LA Louisiana MA Massachusetts MD Maryland ME Maine MI Michigan MN Minnesota MO Missouri MS Mississippi MT Montana NC North Carolina ND North Dakota NE Nebraska NH New Hampshire NJ New Jersey NM New Mexico N
8、V Nevada NY New York OH Ohio OK Oklahoma OR Oregon PA Pennsylvania RI Rhode Island SC South Carolina SD South Dakota TN Tennessee TX Texas UT Utah VA Virginia VT Vermont WA Washington WI Wisconsin WV West Virginia WY Wyoming2.The first American writer2.1.Reputation One of the leaders of Jamestown(no
9、t pilgrim)An English soldier of fortune(mercenary)His reports of exploration:the first distinctly American Literature written in EnglishA True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(1608)关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述The First Book in Ame
10、rican historyThe immigrants surprise and excitementThe bitter life full of dangersThe authors confidence in the future lifePractical and realistic A Map of Virginia:with a Description of the Country(1612)海湾及河流地图，附关于当地情况及居民的叙述 General History of Virginia(1624)(Pocahontas)弗吉尼亚，新英格兰及夏日群岛通史Transformed i
11、nto a legend of the colonists.Smiths descriptions of America were filled with themes,myths,images,scenes,characters,and events that were a foundation for the nations literature.He portrayed English North America as a land of endless bounty.His vision helped lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.“Here n
12、ature and liberty afford us that freely which in England we want,or it costs us dearly.What pleasure can be more thanto recreate themselves before their own doors,in their own boats upon the sea(to)take divers sorts of excellent fish at their pleasures?If a man work but three days in seven he may ge
13、t more than he can spendhere by their labor they may live exceeding well.The masters by this may quickly grow rich;these apprentices may learn by their trades themselves to do the like,to a general and an incredible benefit for king and country,master and servant.”The Literature of Colonial America3
14、.1.Some Features:u The puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom.u The Puritans are supposed to“write”their own new“Bible”(their history)u America is their new Canaan.3.Early New England Literature3.2.Religious writingReligious writing:heavily weighted,in subject and style,因
15、为宗教因素主题风格沉重 by religious considerations.Pilgrim:朝圣者Person who travels to a holy place as an act of religious devotion.Puritan:清教徒Member of the party of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted simpler forms of church ceremony.Dont be confused As the word itself hints,Puritans wa
16、nted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was a“would be purifier.”The word was coined by the opponents of the group and was applied to them in scorn,it was intended to ridicule them as persons who thought themselves holier or better than others.The undaunted Puritans claim
17、ed the name for themselves,adopting it as a badge of honor.The Literature of Colonial America3.3 Puritan thoughts The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctri
18、ne,form of worship,and organization of authority.The Literature of Colonial America3.3 Puritan thoughts Puritans included people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society,both educated and uneducated,poor and rich.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people,and it followe
19、d logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods will and was not to be accepted.The Literature of Colonial America3.3 Puritan thoughts They drove out of their settlements all whose opinions seemed dangerous to them,and history has criticized them for their actions.Puritan
20、opposition to pleasure and arts has sometimes been exaggerated,but it is true that their lives were disciplined and hard.3.3 Puritan thoughts Puritans tended to support joy and laughter as symptoms of sin.The Puritans made laws about private morality as well as public behaviour.Yet this attempt to s
21、uppress all sin seemed to produce outbreaks of misbehavior as if in reaction to the strictness.The Literature of Colonial America3.3 Puritan thoughts Hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety节制；清醒，were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing,including the sermons,books and
22、letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.The Literature of Colonial America3.3 Puritan thoughts A religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century Adhered to the Five Point of Calvinism as codified编成法典编成法典 at the Synod宗教会议宗教会议
23、 of Dort荷兰多特荷兰多特 in 1619:1.Total depravity(inability)2.Unconditional election 3.Limited atonement 4.Irresistible grace 5.The perseverance of the saints Humanitys utter corruption since the Fall.Total depravity doesnt mean we lost the image and likeness of God;Total depravity doesnt mean we have no p
24、ower to do good according to human standard;Total depravity doesnt mean we do not have the ability to develop our power of religion and culture;Total depravity doesnt mean we do not have the possibility to achieve cultural,scientific and technological discoveries.The God had decreed who was damned a
25、nd who was saved from before the beginning of the world.The reason of why the God give us the favor of love,decree and destination.Someone but not everyone.I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy,and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.The power and redemption of Jesus Christ i
26、s sufficient for all,but efficient only for elects.Regeneration再生再生 as entirely a work of God,which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing.Irresistible grace of the Holy Spirit doesnt mean a sinner is not able to resist the Holy Spirit,to oppose the Holy Spirit,to reject the
27、Holy Spirit,and to reject His move in our hearts.But it means that finally our opposition will be failed and He will succeed in moving us and giving new life to us.The elect.The Father,The Son,The Holy Spirit Trinity-the divergence分歧分歧 between Catholicism天主教天主教 and Eastern Orthodox Church东正教东正教.The
28、American Dream is the faith held by many in the United Stats of America that through hard work,courage,and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself,usually through financial prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers,and have been passed on to subsequent generations.Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor
