1、第二部分语法专题突破篇专题一名词河北五年中考命题规律及趋势编者按：系统分析河北近5年中考试题，重点是单项选择、完形填空、词语运用题型，逐命题点统计考查频次，表格直观呈现，并在各命题后批注考情，便于快速把握重点，逐一攻克。考纲要求1.可数名词及其单复数2.不可数名词3.专有名词4.名词所有格考查点年份题号选项设置分值名词词义辨析201927singers/dancers/painters/writers1分37parent/teacher/inventor/engineer1分39lights/projects/suggestions/inventions1分45habit/story/inte
2、rest/plan1分201827advice/news/praise/choice1分36salt/air/gold/sugar1分38forms/secrets/uses/skills1分45money/medicine/earth/food1分201738park/garden/forest/field1分39smile/sign/fear/mark1分72Monday1分201629secret/advice/promise/purpose1分41experience/success/friendship/teamwork1分47rest/sleep/excuse/result1分20
3、1529printer/radio/player/camera1分43glass/weight/water/height1分44minute/night/day/week1分45mother/teacher/doctor/friend1分名词单复数201978notes(note)1分201879classmates(classmate)1分201776classes(class)1分201677place1分83childchildren1分201579river(s)1分80wishes(wish)1分84interesting activityinteresting_activities
4、1分名词转换201685singsinger1分分析河北近5年中考试题可以看出，名词为单项选择的必考点。单项选择设题形式均为简单句，以两个单句为主，一个句子提供语境，另一个句子设题，词数在912个，以名词词义辨析为主。另外，完形填空和词语运用中也会涉及对名词的考查，完形填空侧重考查名词的词义辨析，而词语运用则侧重对名词单复数的考查。预测2020年河北中考的单项选择仍会考查名词词义辨析，且与语境紧密结合。完形填空也会涉及23道名词词义辨析题，且与上下文语境相结合。词语运用中考查名词单数变复数的可能性较大。河北中考重难点突破名词词义辨析(必考，单选、完形)单项选择。( A)1.(2019曲靖中考)
5、As the number of students wearing glasses is growing bigger, we should protect our_.Aeyes Bears Cnose Dmouth( D)2.(2019东营中考)Could you tell me how to start a conversation with people from England?I think talking about the_is the first choice.Aage Bfamily Cmoney Dweather( C)3.(2019盐城中考)The number of t
6、he people using Huawei_is getting larger and larger.Acultures BcustomersCproducts Dhistories( A)4.(2019自贡中考改编)What_will you win after winning the competition in the program Stay to the End(一站到底)?A free trip to Bali Island.Aprize Battention Cadvice Dteam( A)5.(2019镇江中考)When I think of the worried_of
7、foreign students who are learning Chinese, I can go to study English calmly.Alooks Bdesigns Cefforts Dneeds( D)6.(2019襄阳中考)She is leaving to take part in the final poem competition.Im proud of her. I wish her a great _.Aspeed Bmethod Cpressure Dsuccess【满分点拨】分析河北近10年中考单选和完形题型可知，对名词词义辨析的考查主要以语境辨析为主。具体
8、来说，主要有以下三种情况：1同类名词词义辨析同类名词词义辨析主要涉及食物饮品类、职业称谓类、身体部位类和地点场所类单词。对于此类试题，只要准确分析语境和前后文的逻辑关系就可轻松判定答案。如：我们感到口渴就需要喝水或饮料；我们要借书可以去图书馆；若要看病就要去医院等等。此外，学生在复习时可以结合分类速记手册中的常见名词来记忆。2不同类名词词义辨析此类试题的特点是：所给选项为不同类别的名词。解答此类试题的关键是弄清各个选项的含义，然后结合语境找到答题的突破口，方可选对答案。3近义名词词义辨析关于近义名词词义辨析的考查一般在单项选择和完形填空中涉及。学生在做此类试题时，首先应该分析题干，找到句中的关
9、键词，然后分析各选项，快速区分其用法的不同点，最后根据语境确定答案。为了更好地解答此类试题，建议学生将第一编涉及到的相关词汇辨析复习一遍，以免混淆其用法。通过河北近10年中考对名词词义辨析的考查可以发现，关于不同类名词词义辨析的考查频率比较高。因此，学生在复习此部分知识点时，需重点强化对不同类名词词义的理解和掌握。名词的数(必考，单选、完形、词语运用)一、用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空。woman，foot，apple，sheep，glass1The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _sheep_ there.2All t
10、he_women_ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday.3Im going to the supermarket to buy some milk and _apples_ this afternoon.4Is that pair of _glasses_ a little cheaper?5These shoes are too big for my _feet_二、单项选择。( C)1.(2019自贡中考改编)What else do we need
11、to make cold beef?_.ATwo spoons salt BTwo spoons of saltsCTwo spoons of salt DTwo spoon of salts( D)2.There are more than one hundred teachers in our school，and most of them are_Amens teachers Bman teachersCmen teacher D.men teachers( C)3.Alice，which season do you like best?Autumn.The fallen _ are l
12、ike a thick blanket on the ground.What beautiful scenery it is!Aleaf Bleafs Cleaves Dleafes ( A)4.(2019本溪中考改编)The article gives students some_about how to stay safe online.Aadvice BadvicesCsuggestion Dtip( B)5.(2019梧州中考)Would you like something to drink?Yes. Some_，please.Apotatoes Bwater Cbread Dapp
13、les三、连词成句。(每句只须有一处词形变化)1like, you, reading, do, book_Do_you_like_reading_books_?2much, potato, are, how, these_How_much_are_these_potatoes_?3red, are, box, where, those_Where_are_those_red_boxes_?【满分点拨】一、名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Alice，Canada，the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词book，desk，t
14、able，bike，plane集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词family，class，police，team，group不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词glass，water，air，paper，wood抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词danger，health，love，pressure，importance二、可数名词单复数变化规律情况构成方法例词一般情况加scapcaps；dogdogs；bikebikes；driverdrivers以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾加esbusbuses；wishwishes；watchwatches；boxboxes以
15、“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i，再加esladyladies；centurycenturies；familyfamilies；storystories以f或fe结尾一般变f、fe为v，再加esleafleaves；lifelives；halfhalves；knifeknives续表情况构成方法例词以o结尾o前为辅音音素时加es，o前为元音音素时加stomatotomatoes；heroheroes；potatopotatoes；radioradios；zoozoos；例外：photophotos；pianopianos复合名词将后一个词变为复数apple treeapple trees；boy s
16、tudentboy students两部分都变复数man doctormen doctors；womanteacherwomen teachers特殊名词改变内部元音字母footfeet；toothteeth；manmen不规则变化childchildren；mousemice单复数同形ChineseChinese；sheepsheep；deerdeer注意：(1)由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是把man改成men。但German不是合成词，故其复数形式直接加s。(2)man和woman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如：a man teachermen t
17、eachers(男老师)a woman cookwomen cooks(女厨师)三、常见不可数名词归纳及用法1常见的不可数名词物质名词食物bread面包meat肉cheese奶酪液体milk牛奶water水wine酒oil油自然物体soil土壤sand沙子wood木头抽象名词情感joy高兴friendship友情peace和平学科math数学geography地理physics物理chemistry化学概念population人口knowledge知识2.不可数名词量化的表示不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示：a block of一块a bottle of一瓶a group of一群 a pi
18、le of一堆a pair of一副；一双；一对a piece of一条；一张；一块短语a pair (piece)of复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，中心词是pair (piece)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语two pairs (pieces)of复数名词或不可数名词作主语，中心词是two pairs (pieces)，谓语动词用复数。3可数与不可数名词易混归纳exercise(锻炼)exercises(练习；体操)work(工作)works(著作)glass(玻璃)a glass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)a paper(报纸；证件；试卷)wood(木头；木材)a wood(小树林)room(
19、空间)a room(房间)life(生活)seven lives(生命)名词所有格(仅2010考，单选)一、单项选择。( A)1.(2019怀化中考改编)_room looks very clean.ABob and Daves BBobs and DavesCBobs and Dave DBob and Dave( C)2.(2019连云港中考)On April 24，Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the_110meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar.Aman Bmen Cmens Dm
20、ens( D)3.How far is it from Chongqing to Guiyang?Its about two _ ride by highspeed train.Ahour Bhours Chours Dhours二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1When is _Childrens_ (child) Day?Its on June 1st，Dave.2I dont think looking after children is just _womens_(woman) work.三、连词成句。1Linda, my, name, friends, is_My_friends
21、_name_is_Linda_.2room, how, Jacks, is, big_How_big_Jacks_room_is_!【满分点拨】名词所有格表示所属关系。一般有s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式，具体用法如下：类型用法示例s所有格常用于有生命的名词一般单数名词在词尾加smy sisters book我妹妹的书以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加Teachers Day教师节不以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加sChildrens Day儿童节Womens Day妇女节如果某物为两者共同所有，只需在后一个名词词尾加s；如果某物为两者各自所有，则在两个名词后面都加sMike and Bens r
22、oom迈克和本的房间(共同所有)Mikes and Bens rooms迈克(的房间)和本的房间(各自所有)“名词s”可以表示“某人的家”“店铺”“诊所”等处所at Mr.Greens在格林先生家at the dentists在牙医诊所有些表示时间、距离、国家、机构等的无生命名词，也可以在词尾加s构成所有格five minutes walk五分钟的步行路程of所有格常用于无生命的名词the door of the room房间的门双重所有格ofs所有格a friend of my fathers我爸爸的一个朋友of名词性物主代词a friend of mine我的一个朋友注意：双重所有格和一般
23、所有格表达的意思有所不同。如：a photo of Lily莉莉本人的照片(照片上的人是莉莉)a photo of Lilys莉莉拥有的照片(照片上的人不一定是莉莉)名词填空(必考，词语运用)一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1Its a good habit to brush our_teeth_(tooth) three times a day.2Miss Lin is a nice_teacher_ (teach) and she is popular with her students.3He has failed many _times_(time)，but he never gi
24、ves up hope.4It is wellknown that Edison is a famous _inventor_(invent)5(热点人物题)Chen Geng is the big _winner_(win) of Chinese Poetry Conference 4(中国诗词大会第四季)二、根据首字母提示填词。1The bookshop sells many books_You can choose what you like.2Students usually have a 15minute break_ between classes.【满分点拨】通过分析河北近10年
25、中考词语运用题型，可以发现关于名词的填空是非常重要的，设题形式主要有空白填词、根据首字母提示填空和括号提示词填空三种形式，主要涉及语境理解、名词单复数和词性变化(动词转化为名词)三种情况。其中，名词单复数和词性变化的考查往往与上下文的语境密不可分。下面我们就名词填空题作简要的方法指导：1如何判断空格处是否填名词(1)位于冠词后(如2011河北中考82题)；(2)位于数词后(如2010河北中考82题)；(3)位于形容词或形容词性物主代词后；(4)位于句首，在句中作主语；(5)位于动词或介词后作宾语；(6)位于限定词this，that，these，those，every，many，some等后；(
26、7)其他。2如何判断空格处填单数还是复数(1)填单数：a/an可数名词单数；可数名词单数/不可数名词单数谓语动词；专有名词；this/that/every可数名词单数；根据上下文语境(如2014河北中考81题)。(2)填复数：some(如2019河北中考78题)/many/several(如2012河北中考85题)/a lot of/these/those/a few/few/a pair of/all kinds of可数名词复数；大于1的基数词可数名词复数；习惯用法或固定搭配(如2015河北中考80题，best wishes)；常以复数出现的名词(如2013河北中考81题，my feet)
27、；可数名词复数and/or可数名词复数；根据上下文语境(如2018河北中考79题；2017河北中考76题；2016河北中考77题)。名词语法失分点规避点拨与针对练失分点所给词是名词，但不知道如何正确变形(1)确定空格处填名词的数，却不知填单数还是复数；(2)确定填名词复数，却不知它的规则变化与不规则变化；(3)名词与名词、形容词之间的转换。例题：观察下列小题并试着做一做。1have different _(class)2a _(sun) day3to be a _(science)4brush our _(tooth) 【点拨】认真观察这几个小题，可以发现所给的词都是名词，但设题的角度不一样：
28、1.侧重考查“different(不同的)名词复数”的用法，注意class的复数形式是加es；2.空格处为形容词，修饰名词day，此处表示“晴朗的一天”，sun对应的形容词为sunny；3.短语意为“成为一名科学家”，science表示“科学”，其另一种名词形式为scientist，表示“科学家”。类似的词还有music(音乐)musician(音乐家)；piano(钢琴)pianist(钢琴家)；violinviolinist(小提琴家)(更多对应词见分类速记手册中的“词性转换集锦”)；4.“刷牙”为固定用法，tooth要用复数，注意其不规则变化为teeth。【对应练习】根据提示补全短语。1
29、some _tomatoes_(tomato)2a pair of _shoes_(shoe)3a _rainy_(rain) day4ten _books_(book)5trees and _flowers_(flower)6a _beautiful_(beauty) place河北中考考点精练单项选择。( B)1.(2019河南中考)For his sons birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a_.Atask BtreatCchoice Dvisit( B)2.(2019山西中考改编)To keep our city be
30、autiful, the_are always very busy in the streets.We shouldnt throw rubbish everywhere.Apolicemen BcleanersCdrivers Ddoctors( B)3.(2019武汉中考)Dad, what is the loudspeaker saying?It is to the_. The flight to Wuhan is boarding now.Acustomers BpassengersCmembers Dtourists( C)4.(2019北部湾中考)In China，the colo
31、r red is the_of good luck.Adream Bway Csymbol Dreason( B)5.(2019菏泽中考改编)The relations between my parents have become difficult.What should I do?You could do more jobs around the house so that they have more time for proper_.Ainstrument BcommunicationCcommunity Dinvitation( B)6.(2019徐州中考)The_that ther
32、e is life on other planets has always encouraged scientists to explore the outer space.Ainvitation BpossibilityCorder Dadvice( D)7.(2019石家庄一模)She wants to be a(n) _.She practices drawing every day.Aactor Bwaiter Cwriter Dartist( B)8.(2019辽阳中考)Kate is so shy that she doesnt have_to sing in public.Apo
33、wer Bcourage Cenergy Dtime( B)9.(2019葫芦岛中考)Though Bill is very young，he has a lot of_about Chinese history.Ainformation BknowledgeCbackground Dexperience( C)10.(2019咸宁中考改编)Nowadays more and more foreigners are becoming interested in kung fu.Thats true.Its an important part of Chinese_.Ainvention Bst
34、oryCculture Dcustom( A)11.(2019三黔联考)Jane is very thirsty，so she needs some_.Awater Bbread Ccakes Drice( A)12.(2019郴州中考改编)I know little about this product.Surf the Internet，and you will get much_about it.Ainformation BmessageCsuggestion Dpresent( C)13.(2019眉山中考)The food safety is a serious_in many co
35、untries. People should try to solve it.Asubject BprogramCproblem Dopinion( A)14.An American boy made a wheelchair for his wounded dog.Well done！Animals deserve(应该得到) love and good_as humans.Alife BchanceCluck Denvironment( A)15.Now more and more schools care for the full_of the students talents.Adev
36、elopment BagreementCpreparation D information( B)16.Its an easy job，but it needs great_.Atry Bcare Cheart Dact( D)17.(2019泰州中考)My mother has a poor_of direction，so she is always afraid to go out alone.Ascene Bsilence Cservice Dsense( D)18.(2019鄂州中考)I dont know how to use the App Fun Dubbing.Ask Kitt
37、y for help.She has lots of_in doing it.Aexpression BexperimentCexamination Dexperience( B)19.I dont think you take the game seriously.Oh，its not a match.Were playing chess just for_.Ahabit Bfun Chobby Dgame( B)20.(2019岳阳中考改编)We should brush our_every day.Atooth Bteeth Chand Dhands( C)21.(2019桂林中考改编)
38、Americans always use_to have meals while Chinese use chopsticks.Aknife Bbowl Cforks Dspoon( C)22.(2019凉山州中考)Hurry up！Some_and_are on sale in the supermarket.Atomato；egg Btomatoes；eggCtomatoes；eggs Dtomato；eggs( C)23.(2019天水中考)After playing football for more than half an hour，the students took_rest.A
39、a few minutes Ba little minutesCa few minutes Da little minutes( B)24.Mom，I am thirteen now.Can I ride a bike to school?Yes，you can.But you must follow the traffic _ on the way.Aplans BrulesCsafety Daccident( B)25.(2019贵港中考)The air is very fresh in our city.There is less_than before.Yes.The government has taken action to protect the environment.Awood BpollutionCnoise Dwater14
