1、Unit 12 Application of Activated Carbon in Wastewater TreatmentHang XuHenan University of Science and TechnologyNowadays,activated carbon finds wide application in many areas,but especially in the environmental field.如今，活性炭在许多领域得到了广泛的应用，特别是在环境领域。Aside from environmental pollution control,activated c
2、arbon is mainly used in industry in various liquid and gas phase adsorptions.除了环境污染控制外，活性炭主要用于工业中各种液相和气相的吸附。Among liquid phase applications one can list food processing,preparation of alcoholic beverages,decolorization of oils and fats,product purification in sugar refining,purification of chemicals
3、,enzyme purification,gold recovery,refining of liquid fuels,purification in electroplating operations,purification in the clothing and applications in the chemical and petrochemical industries.在液相应用中，可列出食品加工、酒精饮料制备、油脂脱色、糖精炼产品纯化、化学品纯化、酶精炼、金回收、液体燃料精炼、电镀纯化、服装纯化以及化工和石油化工应用。Activated carbon is also used
4、in medical and veterinary applications,soil improvement,removal of pesticide residues,and nuclear and vacuum technologies.活性炭还用于医疗和兽医、土壤改良、农药残留去除以及核技术和真空技术。The groups of organics that are generally amenable to adsorption onto activated carbon include pesticides,herbicides,aromatic solvents,polynucle
5、ar aromatics,chlorinated aromatics,phenolics,chlorinated solvents,high molecular weight(HMW)aliphatic acids and aromatic acids,HMW amines and aromatic amines,fuels,esters,ethers,alcohols,surfactants,and soluble organic dyes.通常适合于活性炭吸附的有机物包括杀虫剂、除草剂、芳烃溶剂、多环芳烃、氯代芳烃、酚类、氯化溶剂、高分子量（HMW）脂肪酸和芳香酸、高分子胺、芳香胺、酯、醚
6、、醇类燃料、表面活性剂、可溶性有机染料。Compounds having low molecular weight(LMW)and high polarity,such as LMW amines,nitrosamines,glycols,and certain ethers,are not amenable to absorption.具有低分子量（LMW）和高极性的化合物，例如LMW胺、亚硝胺、二醇和某些醚，则不适于吸附。Many compounds falling into these categories are encountered in the effluents of vari
7、ous industries and to some extent also in municipal wastewaters and drinking water supplies.在各种工业废水中，以及从某种程度上讲在城市废水和饮用水供应中，都会遇到许多属于这些类别的化合物。Activated carbon has gained importance especially since the mid-1960s as an adsorptive material in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters.从上世纪六十年
8、代中期开始，活性炭作为一种吸附材料在城市和工业废水处理中的作用尤为重要。The first full-scale advanced(tertiary)wastewater treatment plant incorporating Granular Activated Carbon(GAC)was put into operation in 1965 in South Lake Tahoe,California.第一个采用颗粒活性炭（GAC）的大型先进（三级）污水处理厂于1965年在加利福尼亚州南太浩湖投入运行。The use of GAC beds as a unit process bec
9、ame common in the tertiary treatment train.将GAC床作为一个单元工艺在三级处理中应用较为普遍。The purpose in employing GAC was to reuse the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants for purposes such as industrial cooling water,irrigation of parks,and so on.使用GAC的目的是将城市污水处理厂的废水处理后再利用，例如用作工业冷却水，公园灌溉等。Physicochemical
10、treatment options involving powdered activated carbon(PAC)adsorption were also tested in lieu of biological treatment.还测试了包括粉末活性炭(pac)吸附的物理化学处理选项代替生物处理。The idea was that primary settling was followed by coagulation and PAC adsorption,settling and perhaps filtration.初级沉降之后是混凝和 pac 吸附，沉降，也许是过滤。However
11、,secondary treatment could not be replaced with a merely physicochemical process because of cost.然而，由于成本的原因，二次处理不能用纯粹的物理化学过程来代替。The GAC filtration or PAC assisted membrane operation are mainly conducted as a tertiary treatment step to remove dissolved and refractory organic matter from secondary sew
12、age effluent.活性炭过滤或 pac 辅助膜操作主要是作为一种三级处理步骤，去除二级污水出水中的溶解性和难降解有机物。The main goal remains to be the reuse of effluent for various purposes.主要目标仍然是将废水再用于各种用途。Activated carbon adsorption is most commonly applied in industrial wastewater treatment to meet stringent regulations for discharge into receiving
13、waters.活性炭吸附是工业废水处理中最常用的方法，以满足排放到水体的严格规定。In industrial wastewater treatment,activated carbon adsorption can be utilized as a separate unit process.在工业废水处理中，活性炭吸附可以作为一个单独的单元工艺。However,the most widely adopted procedure is to place activated carbon adsorption as a tertiary or advanced treatment step su
14、bsequent to biological treatment for removal of refractory organics.然而，最广泛采用的方法是将活性炭吸附作为生物处理后去除难降解有机物的第三级或高级处理步骤。Nowadays,activated carbon finds wide application in the treatment of wastewaters generated from industries such as food,textile,chemical,pharmaceutical,pesticides and herbicides productio
15、n,coke plant,munitions factories,petroleum refineries and storage installations,organic pigments and dyes,mineral processing plants,insecticides,pesticides,resins,detergents,explosives,and dyestuffs.如今，活性炭广泛应用于处理各种行业，包括食品、纺织、化妆品、化工、制药、农药和除草剂生产、焦化厂、军火厂、炼油厂和仓储设施、有机颜料和染料、矿物加工厂、杀虫剂、树脂、洗涤剂、爆炸物和染料。It is a
16、lso employed in the treatment of sanitary and hazardous landfill leachates.它也用于处理卫生和危险废物填埋场渗滤液。Groundwaters are significantly polluted with organic and inorganic substances as a result of industrial spills,accidents,discharges,and so on.由于工业溢漏、事故、排放等原因，地下水被有机和无机物质严重污染。Activated carbon adsorption is
17、often employed in remediation of groundwaters for drinking purposes.活性炭吸附通常用于饮用地下水的修复。In groundwater remediation,activated carbon may either directly adsorb contaminants or remove them.在地下水修复中，活性炭可以在通过空气喷射或汽提转移到气相中之后直接吸附污染物或将其移除。Today,activated carbon is also applied in the remediation of contaminat
18、ed soils.如今，活性炭也被用于受污染土壤的修复。Remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon and other substances involves the use of thermal desorption methods.对受石油烃和其他物质污染的土壤的修复使用热解吸方法。Activated carbon is utilized in industrial facilities for the production of the water required for various plant item
19、s such as steam generators,heat exchangers,cooling towers,and also in the production of ultrapure water.活性炭用于工业设施中生产蒸汽发生器、热交换器、冷却塔等各种设备所需的水，也用于生产超纯水。Words and Expressionactivated carbon 活性炭alcoholic beverage 酒精饮料enzyme purification 酶的纯化electroplating operation 电镀操作veterinary vetnri adj.兽医的amenable m
20、i:nbl adj.服从的pesticide pestsad n.杀虫剂herbicide h:bsad n.除草剂polynuclear aromatics 多环芳香烃high molecular weight 高分子量aliphatic acid 脂肪酸aromatic amine 芳香胺ester est(r)n.脂类nitrosamine nitrsimin n.亚硝胺glycol glakl n.二乙醇physicochemical process 物理化学过程pharmaceutical f:msu:tkl 制药的landfill leachate 垃圾渗滤液ultrapure water 超纯水
