1、McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,All Rights Reserved.5-2Planning,Composing&RevisingGood WritersFour Composing ActivitiesTime ManagementBrainstorm,Plan,&OrganizeRevise,Edit,and ProofreadFeedbackWriters Block5-3Ways Good Writers Write Revise first drafts Write regularly Br
2、eak big jobs into small chunks Focus on purpose,audience Choose from several different strategies Use rules flexibly Finish a draft before editing text5-4Four Basic Composing Activities1.Plan analyze,gather2.Write transform ideas into words3.Revise evaluate,get feedback,change4.Edit correct grammar,
3、typos5-51.Planning Analyze problem,define purposes,analyze audiences Think of information;gather it Research:files,books,magazines,Web sites Choose organization pattern Make an outline 5-62.Writing Put ideas into words on paper or screen Make a list Jot notes Do stream-of-consciousness writing Creat
4、e formal draft5-73.Revising Evaluate in terms of audience,goals,and situation Will audience understand it?Is it complete?Is it convincing;also,friendly?Get feedback from someone else Add,delete,substitute,or rearrange single words or large sections.5-84.Editing Focus on surface of message:Standard E
5、nglish Grammar&spelling Capitalization&punctuation Business principles Build goodwill Use conventional format Proofread;correct typographical errors5-9More About Composing Activities Dont have to do in 1-2-3 order Dont have to finish one to start another Dont have to use all activities for every mes
6、sage5-10Writing&Time Management1/3-Write1/3-Analyze situation,gather information,organize message1/3 Revise,edit,and proofread5-11Brainstorm,Plan&Organize When content isnt obvious Brainstorm Freewrite Cluster Talk to audiences5-12Brainstorm Quickly jot all the ideas you can Try for a dozen ideas wi
7、thout stopping When ideas run out,judge each idea on list 5-13Freewrite Write nonstop for 10 to 12 min.Read and identify best points Repeat Step 1 on clean page Keep all usable text5-14Cluster Write topic at middle of page Write related ideas around it Look for patterns,repeated ideas Group related
8、ideas by color Use groups to develop content5-15Cluster:Example5-16Talk to Your Audiences Involve readers in planning Helps reduce the number of revisions 5-17Revise,Edit&Proofread Revise change content to satisfy purposes and audiences Edit change mechanical flaws,grammar errors Proofread correct t
9、yping errors5-18When You ReviseRevise draft three times or more1.Content and clarity2.Organization and layout3.Goodwill factorsYou-attitudePositive emphasisTone and style5-19When You Revise,continued Try redrafting on blank page and use WIRMI:What I Really Mean Is Read the document from start to fin
10、ish Do light revision when time is short5-20Revise Content&Clarity Are all purposes met?Is needed information included,accurate,and clear?Is the message easy to read?Is each sentence clear?Is logic clear and convincing?Is logic backed up with details?5-21Revise Organization&Layout Is organization pa
11、ttern effective?Do ideas flow smoothly?Is visual design effective?Is emphasis appropriate?Are first and last paragraphs effective?Visual Design=MarginsHeadingsFont sizeBulletsBold textWhite space5-22Recall Easy-Reading Techniques Revise Style&Tone Does the message use you-attitude and positive empha
12、sis?Is it friendly and bias-free?Does it convey goodwill?5-23When You Edit Revise first;then edit Edit hard copy,not screen Check errors you often make:Sentence structure Agreement:subj./verb,noun/pro.Punctuation,numbers Word usage,spelling5-24When You Proofread Check with spell checker and by eye S
13、wap copy with proofing buddy Read once quickly for meaning Read again slowly Correct any error;reread that line When you know text well Read backward(short)Read pages out of order(long)Triple-CheckNumbersHeadingsFirst Last Readers name5-25Use Feedback Ask for feedback you want Approach Benefits Tone Grammar Heed comments,even if you disagree Rephrase Give more details Document sources5-26Overcome Writers Block1.Prepare for writing2.Write regularly and in moderation3.Use positive self-talk about writing4.Talk about writing with others
