1、课题：英语写作指导课题：英语写作指导制作人：鄞少燕制作人：鄞少燕制作时间：制作时间：20092009年年4 4月月第1页，共44页。第2页，共44页。1.记叙文2.说明文3.议论文4.应用文主要文体第3页，共44页。以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描 写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以 及对细节的描写，应根据写作的要求，及对细节的描写，应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。灵活掌握，突出重点。记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。
2、记叙文指导第4页，共44页。以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六 要素（时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、要素（时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果），应该注意描写先后顺序以及记结果），应该注意描写先后顺序以及记 事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。发展、高潮及结局。以写景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的以写景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的 主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与 物的情感交融。物的情感交融。记叙文指导第5页，共44页。明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段明确写作目的和叙述的中心
3、思想，段 落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免 空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以 下六个问题，即：下六个问题，即：whenwhen？该事发生的时？该事发生的时 间，间，wherewhere？该事发生的地点，？该事发生的地点，whowho？人物角色是谁，人物角色是谁，whatwhat？发生的是什么事，？发生的是什么事，why why？该事发生的原因，以及？该事发生的原因，以及howhow？事件？事件 的结果是如何造成的等等。的结果是如何造成的等等。记叙文写作要点如下：第6页，共
4、44页。一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。写作顺序可以采用写作顺序可以采用“顺叙顺叙”、“倒叙倒叙”和和“穿插叙述穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。的先后为序。记叙文写作要点如下：第7页，共44页。It was a cold da
5、y in winter.An ant was bringing out some grains of corn he had gathered in summer to dry them.A grasshopper（蚱蜢）,who was very hungry,saw the ant and begged him for some corn,saying that he was dying of hunger.The ant looked at the grasshopper and asked him what he had done in summer and why he hadnt
6、stored up some grains of corn.The grasshopper told the ant that he had been very busy in summer and he hadnt stored any corn.The ant asked him once more what he had done in summer.The grasshopper replied that he had sung all summer.The ant angrily said to him that he could dance all winter as he had
7、 sung all summer.第8页，共44页。说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，介绍事物的形状、说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等特征的文章。说明文的时态常用一般现在时，果等特征的文章。说明文的时态常用一般现在时，语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。写说明文必语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。写说明文必须注意事实正确，表达清晰，条理清楚，层次分明，须注意事实正确，表达清晰，条理清楚，层次分明，语言简练和用词准确。语言简练和用词准确。说明文写作指导第9页，共44页。人物描写包括外部特征、性格特
8、征、思想状人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：以突出作品主题思想。如：人物描写第10页，共44页。My sister is a boyish girl.She has short and straight hair like a boys.She likes white,black and gray colors,as most boys do.She never cares for skirts,stockings
9、but loves jackets and jeans.Sometimes she wears a mens suit and leather shoes as if she were a gentleman.Basketball and football are her favorite sports.She also enjoys watching boxing.She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match.When she is with her friends,she alway
10、s says Ladies first”to other girls.The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for a b o y m a n y t i m e s.A n d s h e i s p l e a s e d with that.She always says that she should be a boy.人物描写第11页，共44页。地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由
11、左到右，或由右从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。跟着作者参观了一所校园。地点描写第12页，共44页。Now I will show you around our school.It is one of the largest middle schools in the city.When you step into the gate,you will
12、see a beautiful flower bed before you.In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it.If you walk along the school road,you will come to the playground,on each side of which are rows of trees.We often read books under the trees.On the right of the playground a
13、re two classroom buildings.On the left is the newly-built building.Im lucky to study here.I love my school very much.第13页，共44页。描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。物体描写第14页，共44页。The fir
14、st thing I notice in the brides room is the beautiful curtain.This curtain is patchwork in design,and is sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white,light green,brown and orange.It is made of silk,trimmed with delicate braids.It is about six feet long and hangsfrom a wooden rail.
15、The curtain matches perfectlywith the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.物体描写第15页，共44页。议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概 括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种 表达方
16、式；表达方式；论据基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论据基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。议论文指导第16页，共44页。1.确定论点。确定论点。论点通常在文章的第一段提出。论点通常在文章的第一段提出。2.要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例。要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例。3.论证要有严密的逻辑性。论证要有严密的逻辑性。所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论 连接起来。连接起来。要写好议论文必须注意以下几点：第17页，共44页。4.层次要清楚。层次要清楚。5.态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，
17、态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人。以理服人。6.论据要充分论据要充分要写好议论文必须注意以下几点：第18页，共44页。It is high time that something was done about the great increase of crime in our neighborhood.From 1989 to 1993,there were only five cases of theft and three burglaries.But during the last four months,we have had two street gunfights,d
18、estroying one corner shop completely,three attempted murders,and ten high school girls were attacked on their way back home.Reports of small thefts and burglaries are printed every day,and some businesses and citizens have already been planning to move out of the area.So for the safety of our famili
19、es and homes,and the prosperity of our district,local government should take action at once to change the situation.第19页，共44页。Some people say that drinking alcohol is evil,because heavy drinking is not only bad for ones health,but often does harm to others.However,drinking alcohol in moderation is n
20、ot evil.On the one hand,for some disease,drinking is equal to taking medicine.For example,when you are caught in a heavy rain and arrive home trembling,drinking can help you get rid of the cold.On the other hand,when attending an important dinner party you may drink,and sometimes you must drink,beca
21、use drinking can make social contacts easier Drinking creates a friendly and lively atmosphere throughout the whole dinner.Drinking,if well handled,can bring laughter and song to your life.It is not evil.第20页，共44页。应用文是指人们在日常生活、工作和应用文是指人们在日常生活、工作和学习中为处理日常事务解决具体问题而写学习中为处理日常事务解决具体问题而写作的一种文体。它最突出的特点就是它的
22、作的一种文体。它最突出的特点就是它的实际应用的性质。实际应用的性质。应用文写作指导第21页，共44页。1、有明确的读者对象。有明确的读者对象。2、有较固定的格式。有较固定的格式。3、有较强的时效性。有较强的时效性。应用文通常具备以下特点：第22页，共44页。1）信头信头(Heading)；2）称呼称呼(Salutation)；3）正文正文(Body of the letter)；4）结束语结束语(Complimentary close)；5）签名签名(signature)。书信的格式第23页，共44页。Beijing July 10,1999Dear sir(s),I have just re
23、ad in the newspaper that a secretary of the English language is wanted in your company.I am therefore writing to you to introduce myself.Id like to get the job.I am a girl college student of 22 years old.My name is Li Ling.I am studying in the language department.I can speak,read and write English v
24、ery well.As a second language,I can read and speak a little French.I have some work experience as a typist in my spare time at school,and as a tourist guide during summer holidays.The bosses I worked for were all satisfied with my work.I am sure Ill satisfy you as well.You can get more information a
25、bout my studies and work from the college.I am looking forward to visiting your office at any time for a talk or a test.FaithfullyLi Ling第24页，共44页。通常通知上方正中写通常通知上方正中写Notice或或NOTICE，发出，发出通知的的单位的具体名称可放在正文前，也可放通知的的单位的具体名称可放在正文前，也可放在正文后，右下角处，发出通知的日期写在左下在正文后，右下角处，发出通知的日期写在左下角处。角处。通知 第25页，共44页。NOTICE All p
26、rofessors and associate professors are requested to meet in the college conference room on Saturday,August 18,at 2:00 p.m.to discuss questions of international academic exchanges.Nanjing University Aug.14,1997 第26页，共44页。日记写作指导英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等
27、。日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒算等。日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。情等。第27页，共44页。格式：一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine（晴（晴朗的），朗的），cold（寒冷的），（寒冷的），snowy（下雪），（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。（阴天的）等。第28页，共
28、44页。时态：写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写。因此，日记中所记述的可以在第二天补写。因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。用一般现在时或一般将来时。第29页，共44页。Saturday Feb 15,2003 Today is the Lantern Festival.Its also Valentines Day in China.On this day,people of
29、ten hold an exhibition of lanterns.And a lot of people like to guess the riddles written on lanterns.This is a characteristic.Some people also like to play fireworks.Its very interesting and nice.I like it so much.We must have family reunion dinner on that day.We also have sweet fillings in the even
30、ing.But today is the last day of the Spring Festival.I feel a little sad.What a pity.I dont want the Spring Festival over.But it is not possible.第30页，共44页。英语作文的文章的开头 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。的兴趣。第31页，共44页。1 1开门见
31、山，揭示主题开门见山，揭示主题文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”I Spent my last vacation happilyHonesty一文中的开头：一文中的开头：Honesty is one of the best virtuesAn honest man is always trusted and respectedOn the contrary,one who tells lies is regarded as a liar，and is looked upon by honest
32、people 第32页，共44页。2交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。楚。例如例如A Trip to Jinshan The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired,but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回忆性
33、的开头回忆性的开头用回忆的方法来开头。例如用回忆的方法来开头。例如A Trip to the Taishan MountainI remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.第33页，共44页。4概括性的开头概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable
34、 things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else,because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.第34页，共44页。5介绍环境式的开头介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如事物。如“An Accident”It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy,the temperatu
35、re was low,and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly,a speeding car came round the corner.第35页，共44页。6交待写作目的的开头。交待写作目的的开头。在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如问题等。如 Pollution Control In this article I shall draw your attention to t
36、he subject of pollution control.第36页，共44页。英语作文的文章的结尾 文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。得更加深刻。第37页，共44页。1首尾呼应，画龙点睛首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如点睛的效果。如I Cannot Forget Her After her death,I felt as if
37、 something were missing in my life.I was sad over her passing away,but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.第38页，共44页。2重复主题句重复主题句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”I love my home town,and I love
38、 its people.They too have changed.They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.第39页，共44页。3.自然结尾自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如如“Fishing”I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours,but my brother caught many more.Tired from fishing,we lay down on the river bank,bathing
39、in the sun.We returned home very late第40页，共44页。4含蓄性的结尾含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”Evening came before we realized it.We put down our sickles and looked at each other.Our clothes were wet with sweat,but on every face there was a smi
40、le.第41页，共44页。5用反问结尾用反问结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 Should We Learn to Do Housework?Everyone should learn to do housework.Dont you agree,boys and girls?第42页，共44页。6指明方向，激励读者指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如如“Lets Go in for Sports”As we h
41、ave said above,sports can be of great value.They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better.A sound mind is in a sound body.Lets go in for sports.第43页，共44页。Practice:My First Day at Our SchoolMy MotherIs Money EverythingA Letter to a Good Friend第44页，共44页。
