1、What is Landscape Architecture?By ASLAUnit 11 Although the term landscape architecture was invented by a Scotsman(Gilbert Laing Meason,in 1828),it was an American(Frederick Law Olmsted)who gave birth to the landscape architecture profession.We should therefore pay close attention to the definition o
2、f the profession given by the American Society of Landscape Architects(ASLA).It was as follows:尽管“风景园林”这个术语是由苏格兰人GL梅森于1828年创造的，但是风景园林职业的诞生却是由美国人F L奥姆斯特德促成的。因此，我们应该更多关注由美国风景园林师协会（ASLA）对风景园林做出的定义。它是这样描述的：A Profession In Demand需求量大的职业需求量大的职业2 From city council rooms to corporate boardrooms,there is inc
3、reasing demand today for the professional services of landscape architects.This trend reflects the publics desire for better housing,recreational and commercial facilities,and its expanded concern for environmental protection.Residential and commercial real estate developers,federal and state agenci
4、es,city planning commissions,and individual property owners are all among the thousands of people and organizations in America and Canada that will retain the services of a landscape architect this year.当前，从市政部门到公司企业，对于职业风景园林师的需求的越来越多。这个趋势反映了公众对居住环境、娱乐和商业设施更优化的需求，以及由其引起的对环境保护的关注。美国和加拿大今年就有数千个居住和商业地产
5、开发商、国家和州机构、城市规划委员会，以及个人地产所有者请风景园林师为他们提供服务。More than any of the other major environmental design professions,landscape architecture is a profession on the move.It is comprehensive by definition-no less than the art and science of analysis,planning design,management,preservation and rehabilitation of
6、the land.In providing well-managed design and development plans,landscape architects offer an essential array of services and expertise that reduces costs and adds long-term value to a project.比起其他任何专业的环境设计职业，风景园林都是发展较最快的职业。从定义来看，它具有复杂性至少包括艺术、科学分析、规划设计、管理、土地保护和恢复等。风景园林师能够提供至关重要的专业服务，做出良好设计和开发方案，为项目减
7、少投入并获得长期效益。3 Clear differences do exists between landscape architecture and the other design professions.Architects primarily design buildings and structures with specific uses,such as homes,offices,schools and factories.Civil engineers apply scientific principles to the design of city infrastructur
8、e such as roads,bridges,and public utilities.Urban planners develop a broad overview of development for entire cities and regions.风景园林与其他设计职业确实存在明显的不同。建筑师主要设计具有特定功能的建筑和构筑物，比如住宅、办公楼、学校和工厂。市政工程师为城市基础设施做出符合科学原理的设计，比如道路、桥梁和公共设施。城市规划师为整个城市和区域做出总体规划策略。Landscape architects touch on all the above mentioned
9、design professions,integrating elements from each of them.While having a working knowledge of architecture,civil engineering and urban planning,landscape architects take elements from each of these fields to design aesthetic and practical relationships with the land.风景园林师要与以上所有提及的设计职业相接触，综合每个职业的要素。风
10、景园林师要具备建筑、市政工程和城市规划的知识，并利用这些领域的知识从审美和实践的角度对土地进行规划设计。A Diverse Profession多样性高的职业多样性高的职业4 Landscape architecture is one of the most diversified of the design professions.Landscape architects design the built environment of neighborhoods,towns and cities while also protecting and managing the natural e
11、nvironment,from its forests and fields to rivers and coasts.Members of the profession have a special commitment to improving the quality of life through the best design of places for people and other living things.风景园林是设计行业中多样性最高的职业之一。风景园林师设计建筑的外部环境、城镇和城市环境，并保护和管理从森林、农田到河流、海岸的自然环境。风景园林师承担着改善生活质量的特殊义
12、务，他们通过设计为人类和其他生物提供最好的生活。In fact,the work of landscape architects surrounds us.Members of the profession are involved in the planning of such sites as office plazas,public squares and thoroughfares.The attractiveness of parks,highways,housing developments,urban plazas,zoos and campuses reflects the s
13、kill of landscape architects in planning and designing the construction of useful and pleasing projects.实际上，风景园林师的工作在我们身边无处不在。他们致力于场地的规划设计，比如公司广场、公共广场和道路环境等。迷人的公园、道路、居住环境、城市广场、动物园和校园能够反映出风景园林师在规划和设计这些实用且令人愉悦的项目方面所具备的能力。5 From coast to coast,in every region of the world,examples of the landscape arch
14、itecture profession can be found.Many landscape architects are involved in small projects,such as developing plans for a new city park or site plans for an office building,other members of the profession have contributed their expertise to numerous projects which include:从西海岸到东海岸，在世界的每个区域都有风景园林的案例。一
15、些风景园林师致力于小型项目的设计，例如为新的城市公园制定开发规划或办公建筑进行场地设计，还有一些风景园林师则致力于大量大尺度的规划项目，其中有：Preservation of Yosemite Park and Niagara Falls Management plan for the Alaskan Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Design of the U.S.Capitol Grounds Design of Mount Royal Park in Montreal,Quebec Development of Stanford University
16、 site Creation of Bostons emerald necklace of green spaces tying the city to the suburbs Plans for Baltimores park system and Inner Harbor area 约瑟米蒂国家公园和尼亚加拉大瀑布的保护阿拉斯加国家海上野生动植物避难所管理规划美国国会大厦所在地规划加拿大蒙特利尔、魁北克皇家山公园斯坦福大学校园规划将城市与郊区相连的波士顿“翡翠项链”绿色空间规划巴尔的摩公园系统和内海湾规划 Design of new towns such as Columbia,Maryl
17、and,and Reston,Virginia Landfill reclamation for Fresh Kills in New York and Dyer in Florida Plans for Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco,California Sursum Corda Affordable Housing,Washington,D.C.Design for water treatment and park facility in Hillsboro,Oregon Master plan for King
18、 Saud University in Saudi Arabia Restoration of the landscape along the Baltimore-Washington Parkway in Maryland“新镇”设计，例如哥伦比亚、马里兰，以及弗吉尼亚的莱斯顿纽约清泉垃圾填埋场以及福罗里达州染厂景观改造加州旧金山金门国家休闲区规划华盛顿特区Sursum Corda区可负担住房规划俄勒冈州Hillsboro水体净化和公园设计沙特阿拉伯绍德王大学总体规划马里兰州巴尔的摩-华盛顿公园道（景观路）景观恢复6 Depending on the scope of the project
19、 for clients,ranging from a local developer to the federal government,landscape architects may plan the entire arrangement of a site,including the location of buildings,grading,stormwater management,construction and planting.They may also coordinate teams of design,construction and contracting profe
20、ssionals.从客户委托项目涉及的范围来看，从地方开发者到联邦政府，风景园林师有能力规划场地中所有的内容，包括建筑选址、地形处理、雨水管理、施工及种植。他们还能够协调组织包括设计、施工包工在内的专业团队。Tracing the Professions Roots职业溯源职业溯源7 The origin of todays profession of landscape architecture can be traced to the early treatments of outdoor space by successive ancient cultures,from Persia a
21、nd Egypt through Greece and Rome.During the Renaissance,this interest in outdoor space,which had waned during the Middle Ages,was revived with splendid results in Italy and gave rise to ornate villas,gardens,and great outdoor piazzas.现今的风景园林职业起源可以追溯到，从波斯和埃及直至希腊和罗马的古代文明中，人们对室外环境的不断改善。文艺复兴期间人们对室外空间的热爱
22、，经过中世纪的消退，又在意大利以辉煌的成就获得重生，产生了华丽的别墅、花园和壮观的户外广场。8 These precedents,in turn,greatly influenced the chateaux and urban gardens of 17th-century France,where landscape architecture and design reached new heights of sophistication and formality.The designers became well-known,with Andre le Notre,who design
23、ed the gardens at Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte,among the most famous of the early forerunners of todays landscape architects.这些先例，反过来极大地影响了17世纪法国城堡和城市花园，法国的风景园林和设计在复杂程度和形式上也达到了新的最高峰。设计师也因此而扬名，就像勒.诺特尔当今风景园林设计师最有名的早期先驱者之一，设计了凡尔赛花园和沃勒维贡特府邸花园而闻名于世8 In the 18th Century,most English landscape gardeners,
24、such as Lancelot Capability Brown,who remodeled the grounds of Blenheim Palace,rejected the geometric emphasis of the French in favor of imitating the forms of nature.18世纪，大多数英国“风景园艺师”，抛弃了法国重视几何的布局而采用模仿自然的形式，比如“可为”布朗，他曾对布伦海姆宫苑进行改造。One important exception was Sir Humphrey Repton.He reintroduced forma
25、l structure into landscape design with the creation of the first great public parks Victoria Park in London(1845)and Birkenhead Park in Liverpool(1847).In turn,these two parks would greatly influence the development of landscape architecture in the United States and Canada.其中有一个重要特例雷普顿。他在第一个大型公园伦敦维多
26、利亚公园（1845年）和利物浦伯肯黑德公园（1847年）中，再次将规则结构引入风景设计中。随着它们的建立，这两个公园极大地影响了美国和加拿大的风景园林。Birkenhead ParkThe refurbished Roman Boathouse at Birkenhead Park,Wirral on January 3,2007.Birkenhead Park was the worlds first public park and opened in 1847.Victoria Park Frederick Law Olmsted:Father of American Landscape
27、Architecture 弗里德里克弗里德里克.劳劳.奥姆斯特德：奥姆斯特德：“美国美国风美国美国风景园林之父景园林之父”The history of the profession in North America begins with Frederick Law Olmsted,who rejected the name landscape gardener in favor of the title of landscape architect,which he felt better reflected the scope of the profession.北美风景园林职业的历史开始
28、于弗里德里克.劳.奥姆斯特德，他取消了“风景园艺师”的称谓，以“风景园林师”的称呼取代之，他认为这个叫法更能反映这个职业的范畴。In 1863,official use of the designation landscape architect by New Yorks park commissioners marked the symbolic genesis of landscape architecture as a modern design profession.Olmsted became a pioneer and visionary for the profession.Hi
29、s projects illustrate his high professional standards,including the design of Central Park in New York with Calvert Vaux in the late 1850s and the U.S.Capitol Grounds in the 1870s.Olmsted and the Brookline,Mass.,firm he founded advanced the concept of parks as well-designed,functional public green s
30、paces amid the grayness of the urban areas through the well practiced principles of landscape architecture and city planning.1863年，纽约公园委员会正式采用“风景园林师”称谓，标志着风景园林成为一个现代设计职业的起始。奥姆斯特德成为这个职业的先驱者和具有远见卓识的人。他的设计项目说明了他高超的专业水平，其中包括他和卡尔沃特.沃克斯在19世纪50年代晚期设计的纽约中央公园，以及18世纪70年代美国国会大厦环境的设计。奥姆斯特德和他的在麻省的Brookline公司，进一步
31、发展了公园的概念在城市灰色区域中，符合风景园林和城市规划实践原理的，经过良好设计、功能合理的公共绿地空间。U.S.Capitol GroundsEarly Developments:Late 1800s早期的发展：早期的发展：19世纪后期世纪后期In the ensuing years,the profession of landscape architecture broadened.It played a major role in fulfilling the growing national need for well-planned and well-designed urban e
32、nvironments.Urban parks,metropolitan park systems,planned suburban residential enclaves and college campuses were planned and developed in large numbers,climaxing with the City Beautiful movement at the turn of the century.在这之后的几年，风景园林职业的范围更加宽泛。它在满足国家对良好规划和设计的城市环境日益增加的需要中发挥着重要的作用。大量城市公园、都市公园系统、郊区居住区
33、和大学校园都进行了规划和开发，并且在世纪之交时，随城市美化运动达到高潮。The World Centre The City Beautiful movement,which had seen its finest exemplification in the 1901-1902 renovation of Washington,D.C.,believed that in reforming the landscape and look of a city,other reforms would spring forth and inspire its inhabitants to moral
34、and civic virtue.Burnham,in particular,Unfortunately the plan,submitted in 1904,did not receive immediate attention,and on the morning of April 18,1906,the Great Earthquake struck causing a massive fire that burned for the next four days and devestated much of the city.Earthquake AftermathCity Beaut
35、iful plan for Telegraph HillHis plan for San Francisco envisioned a hilly Paris by the Golden Gate(Brechin in Benedict,95).Great boulevards cutting through the citys existing grid would converge spider-web like on central axes throughout the city.To give the city a focal point for civic and cultural
36、 activities,much like the Mall in the nations capital,the plan called for a magnificent city center.Monumental buildings of stone would replace many of the wooden shacks built along the existing grid.Burnham and his firm also proposed that the city devote one-third of its area to parks and greenswar
37、d to serve an estimated population of over two million.Finally,grand structures would sit atop the apices of the citys most prominent hills as memorials to the pioneers and monuments to the citys future in the Pacific.(Brechin,151-153).Although the profession itself grew slowly,its early practitione
38、rs,including Olmsted,Vaux and Horace Cleveland,were among the first to take part in the town planning movement and to awaken interest in civic design.Olmsted also joined other early landscape architects in working on projects in other urban settings,such as at Yosemite Valley and Niagara Falls.尽管这个职
39、业本身发展很慢，它早期的从业者，包括奥姆斯特德、沃克斯和克里夫兰，是最早参加城镇规划运动，唤起人们对城市设计关注的人群。奥姆斯特德也加入到早期从事其他城市环境项目的风景园林师中，比如约瑟米蒂河谷和尼亚加拉大瀑布的规划。In 1899,the American Society of Landscape Architects was founded by 11 people in New York most of them associated with Olmsted.The Society continued to represent landscape architects throughout the United States.In 1900,Olmsteds son,Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.,organized and taught at Harvard Universitys first course in landscape architecture.1899年，美国风景园林师协会由纽约11人发起，他们中大多数都与奥姆斯特德合作过。这个协会一直代表着全美国的风景园林。1900年，奥姆斯特德的儿子，小奥姆斯特德，在哈佛大学专业开设了第一门风景园林课程。
