1、第18课 统一多民族国家的巩固和发展,在中国古代历史上，清朝是统一多民族国家进一步巩固和发展的关键时期。为了安定边疆，清朝作出了哪些努力？取得了什么样的效果呢？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
2、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
3、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,一、清朝对全国的统治,政治制度上：,思想文化上：,基本沿袭中原历代王朝的做法，进一步加强中央集权。,推崇儒家学说，继承历代文化传统。,统治策略：,明朝末期，荷兰殖民者趁明朝国势衰败之机，侵占我国宝岛台湾，在台湾实行殖民统治。,台湾被侵占：,二、郑成功收复台湾和清朝在台湾的建制,1661年， 率领将士，乘坐战舰从 出发
4、，横渡 ，抵达台湾岛南部,登陆后受到数千当地居民的热烈欢迎。,郑成功收复台湾：,郑成功,金门,台湾海峡,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
5、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
6、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,海上,郑成功军队,荷兰军队,击沉荷兰战舰,陆地,把敌军包围在赤嵌城、台湾城,1662年2月，郑成功收复台湾。,郑成功,明末清初军事家，抗清名将，以赶走荷兰殖民主义者、收复祖国领土台湾的业绩载入史册，是我国历史上的民族英雄，被台湾同胞尊称为“开台圣王”。,人物介绍：,主要功绩：,收复台湾 建设台湾,在台湾设置府县，加强管理。 开垦荒地，传播先进农业生产技术。,郑成功的一系列措
7、施加速了台湾地区社会经济的发展。,重要举措：,意义：,设置台湾府： 1683年，清军进攻台湾，台湾归入清朝版图； 1684年，清朝设置台湾府，隶属福建省。 1885年，台湾正式建省，成为中国的一个行省。,清政府对台湾的管理：,设置台湾府的意义： 台湾府的设置，加强了中央政府对台湾的管辖，巩固了祖国的东南海防，台湾的社会经济发展也步入了新的历史时期。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
8、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
9、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,三、清廷对西藏地区的有效管辖,1.建立册封达赖、班禅制度,1653年顺治帝赐达赖五世金册、金印和“达赖喇嘛”的封号。 1713年
10、康熙册封格鲁派另一位首领“班禅额尔德尼”封号。,此后，历代达赖和班禅都必须经过中央政府的册封。,顺治会晤五世达赖,清朝册封达赖喇嘛的金印,2.设置驻藏大臣,1727年，清朝在西藏设置驻藏大臣，监督西藏地方政务。 1751年，清朝在西藏设置噶厦，授达赖喇嘛和驻藏大臣管理政教事务。,1793年，清朝颁布钦定藏内善后章程29条，规范了西藏地方行政体制和法规。章程明确驻藏大臣政治上与达赖、班禅地位平等，共同管理西藏政教事务；驻藏大臣还掌管地方军事、外交等事务；西藏地方达赖与班禅等大活佛的转世，需要通过金瓶掣签，依照宗教仪轨和历史定制，最后报请朝廷批准。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
11、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
12、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
13、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,1792年乾隆颁发的两个金瓶,你听说过“转世灵童”吗？你知道金瓶（金奔巴瓶）是干什么用的吗？,相关史事,为防止蒙藏贵族操纵转世灵童，清廷特别颁发金瓶，规定选定转世灵童时，要将找到的几个灵童的名字用满文、汉文和藏文三种文字写在象牙签上，装入瓶中，由驻藏大臣掣签确定，然后报请朝廷批准，坐床后才能成为合法的继承人。,金奔巴瓶,颁布钦定藏内善后章程的意义,规范了西藏地方行政体制和法规，标志着中央政权对西藏地方形式主权达到制度化、法律化的程度。 有效地加强了清廷对西藏的管辖。,四、巩固西北边疆,1.“回部”,在我国西北天山以南的广大
14、地区，居住着维吾尔等族人民，清代把这个地区称为“回部”。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
15、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
16、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.噶尔丹叛乱,平定准噶尔图卷,康熙时，天山北路的蒙古族准噶尔部首领噶尔丹在俄国的唆使下，发动叛乱。为维护国家统一，康熙帝三次亲征，多次打败噶尔丹，最终平定了叛乱，稳定了西北部边疆地区。,3.大、小和卓的叛乱,乾隆时期，回部上层贵族大、小和卓发动叛乱，形成割据势力。他们残暴搜刮各族人民，激起人民的强烈不满。,乾隆皇帝下令调兵讨伐，在维吾尔等族人民的支持下，平定了这场分裂祖国的叛乱。,4.土尔扈特部回归,1771年，西迁
17、的蒙古族土尔扈特部，因不堪忍受沙皇俄国的控制和压迫，在杰出首领渥巴锡的领导下，战胜重重困难，返回新疆，得到清政府的妥善安置。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
18、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
19、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,噶尔丹,伊犁将军,哨所,稳定了西北部边疆地区，加强了对西北地区的管辖。,五、雅克萨之战,1.背景,17世纪中期，沙皇俄国的势力侵入我国黑龙江流域，在雅克萨和尼布楚修筑城堡，作为扩大侵略的据点。清政府一再要求俄军撤出中国领土，俄军置若罔闻，并且继续增兵，扩大侵略。,2.过程,1685年和1686年，康熙帝命令清军两次进攻盘踞在雅克萨的俄军。 沙俄政府被迫
20、同意通过谈判解决中俄两国东段边界问题。,3.结果,1689年中俄双方代表在尼布楚进行谈判，经过平等协商，签订了第一个边界条约尼布楚条约。 这个条约从法律上肯定了黑龙江和乌苏里江流域包括库页岛在内的广大地区，都是中国的领土。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
21、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
22、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,六、清朝的疆域,清朝前期，中国的疆域西跨葱岭，西北至_，北接_，西南达_,东北至黑龙江以北的_和_，东临太平洋，东南到台湾及其附属岛屿，包括钓鱼岛、赤尾屿等，南至_，成为一个幅员辽阔、人口众多、国力强大的统一多民族国家。,巴勒喀什池,西伯利亚,喜马拉雅山脉
23、,外兴安岭,库页岛,南海诸岛,清朝疆域图（1820年）,西跨葱岭,西北达巴勒喀什池,北接西伯利亚,东北至外兴安岭和库页岛,东临太平洋,东南到台湾及其附属岛屿,幅员辽阔 人口众多 国力强大,南至南海诸岛,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
24、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
25、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,课堂小结,清朝在政治上和思想上巩固了自身的统治,台湾,1662年， 收复台湾,郑成功,的巩固和发展 统一多民族国家,1683年，台湾归入清朝版图,西藏地区,西北边疆,平定噶尔丹叛乱,平定大小和卓,清朝设置_,康熙,乾隆,伊犁将军,1727年，设置 ，监督西藏地方政务,驻藏大臣,蒙古地区,土尔扈特部回归祖国,东北地区,雅克萨之战,“台湾者，中国之土地也，久为贵国所踞（盘踞），今余既来索，则地当归我”向殖民者提出这一正义要求的民族英雄是（ ） A.戚继光 B.郑成功 C.施琅 D.郑和,B,1.,课堂练习,维护国家统一，打击民族分裂势力，是任何一个国家统治者的重大治国策略。清朝前期，统治者为加强对西北边疆的管理，设置了（ ） A.驻藏大臣 B.台湾府 C.伊犁将军 D.乌里雅苏台将军,C,2.,
