1、 管理学院 School of Management 佟瑞 Edward Tong，MPM，MBA2022-8-91Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University Chapter 3 Organization structure and culture 33Where We Are NowOnce top management approves a project?How will the project be implementedBoth the project management structure and the culture of t
2、he organization constitute major elements of the environment in which projects are implemented.It is important for project managers and participants to know the“lay of the land so that they can avoid obstacles and take advantage of pathways to complete their projects.2022-8-9Edward TongCopyright res
3、erved Jinan University 4What is a good project management system?A project management system provides a framework for launching and implementing project activities within a parent organization.A good system appropriately balances the needs of both the parent organization and the project by defining
4、the interface between the project and parent organization in terms of authority,allocation of resources and eventual integration of project outcomes into mainstream operations.2022-8-9Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 536Project Management Structures Challenges to Organizing Projects Th
5、e uniqueness and short duration of projects relative to ongoing longer-term organizational activities The multidisciplinary and cross-functional nature of projects creates authority and responsibility dilemmas.Choosing an Appropriate Project Management Structure The best system balances the needs of
6、 the project with the needs of the organization.Struggles between project and ongoing operationsMany business organizations have struggled with creating a system for organizing projects while managing ongoing operations.Projects contradict fundamental design principles associated with traditional or
7、ganizations.Projects are unique,one time efforts with a distinct beginning and end.Most organization are designed to efficiently manage ongoing activities.2022-8-9Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 738Project Management Structures Organizing Projects:Functional organization Different seg
8、ments of the project are delegated to respective functional units.Coordination is maintained through normal management channels.Used when the interest of one functional area dominates the project or one functional area has a dominant interest in the projects success.39Functional OrganizationsFIGURE
9、3.1310Functional Organization of ProjectsAdvantages1.No Structural Change2.Flexibility(in the use of staff)3.In-Depth Expertise4.Easy Post-Project TransitionDisadvantages1.Lack of Focus2.Poor Integration3.Slow4.Lack of Ownership311Project Management Structures(contd)Organizing Projects:Dedicated Tea
10、ms Teams operate as separate units under the leadership of a full-time project manager.In a projectized organization where projects are the dominant form of business,functional departments are responsible for providing support for its teams.312Dedicated Project TeamFIGURE 3.2313Project Organization:
11、Dedicated TeamAdvantages1.Simple2.Fast3.Cohesive4.Cross-Functional IntegrationDisadvantages1.Expensive2.Internal Strife3.Limited Technological Expertise4.Difficult Post-Project Transition314Projectized Organizational StructureFIGURE 3.3315Project Management Structures(contd)Organizing Projects:Matri
12、x Structure Hybrid organizational structure(matrix)is overlaid on the normal functional structure.Two chains of command(functional and project)Project participants report simultaneously to both functional and project managers.Matrix structure optimizes the use of resources.Allows for participation o
13、n multiple projects while performing normal functional duties.Achieves a greater integration of expertise and project requirements.316Matrix Organization StructureFIGURE 3.4317Division of Project Manager and Functional Manager Responsibilities in a Matrix StructureTABLE 3.1Project Manager Negotiated
14、 Issues Functional ManagerWhat has to be done?Who will do the task?How will it be done?When should the task be done?Where will the task be done?How much money is available Why will the task be done?How will the project involvementto do the task?impact normal functional activities?How well has the to
15、tal project Is the task satisfactorilyHow well has the functional been done?completed?input been integrated?318Different Matrix Forms Weak Form The authority of the functional manager predominates and the project manager has indirect authority.Balanced Form The project manager sets the overall plan
16、and the functional manager determines how work to be done.Strong Form The project manager has broader control and functional departments act as subcontractors to the project.319Project Organization:Matrix Form Advantages1.Efficient2.Strong Project Focus3.Easier Post-Project Transition4.FlexibleDisad
17、vantages1.Dysfunctional Conflict2.Infighting3.Stressful4.Slow320Choosing the Appropriate Project Management Structure Organization(Form)Considerations How important is the project to the firms success?What percentage of core work involves projects?What level of resources(human and physical)are avail
18、able?321Choosing the Appropriate Project Management Structure(contd)Project Considerations Size of project Strategic importance Novelty and need for innovation Need for integration(number of departments involved)Environmental complexity(number of external interfaces)Budget and time constraints Stabi
19、lity of resource requirementsHow much autonomy does the project need?The higher the levels of these seven factors,the more autonomy and authority the project manager and project team need to be successful.This translates into using either a dedicated project team or a project matrix structure.2022-8
20、-9Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 222022-8-9Edward Tong,Jinan University23Organizational Structure and the PMOrganizational Structure and the PM PMBOK Figure 2-62022-8-9Edward Tong,Jinan University24Organizational culture Culture is the social glue that helps hold the organization tog
21、ether.The shared meaning provided by a strong culture ensures that everyone is pointed in the same direction.From an employees standpoint,culture is valuable because it reduces ambiguity.。2022-8-9Edward Tong,Jinan University25Personal values and habits Compatibility with Organizational culture The e
22、xplicit goal of the recruitment process is to identify and hire individuals with the requisite skill,knowledge,and experience to perform jobs within an organization.Part of performing work within an organization is the ability to work with others and fit into the culture of the organization.Companie
23、s are paying increased attention to assessing the personal values and habits of applicants to determine whether they are compatible with the culture of the organization.326Mechanisms for Sustaining Organizational CultureFIGURE A3.12022-8-9Edward Tong,Jinan University27Microsofts culture values&relat
24、ionship between organizational culture and project management.Aggressiveness and risk taking The relationship between Organizational culture and project management is that of a riverboat trip.Culture is the river and the project is the boat.Paddling downstream if culture is conducive to project Padd
25、ling upstream if the dominant culture inhibit effective project management328Organizational Culture Organizational Culture Defined A system of shared norms,beliefs,values,and assumptions which bind people together,thereby creating shared meanings.The“personality”of the organization that sets it apar
26、t from other organizations.Provides a sense of identify to its members.Helps legitimize the management system of the organization.Clarifies and reinforces standards of behavior.329Cultural Dimensions of an Organization Supportive of Project ManagementFIGURE 3.7330Identifying Cultural Characteristics
27、 Study the physical characteristics of an organization.Read about the organization.Observe how people interact within the organization.Interpret stories and folklore surrounding the organization.331Organizational Culture Diagnosis WorksheetFIGURE 3.6Power Corp.I.Physical Characteristics:Architecture
28、,office layout,dcor,attireCorporate HQ is 20 Story modern buildingpresident on top floor.Offices are bigger in the top floors than lower floors.Formal business attire(white shirts,ties,power suits,.)Power appears to increase the higher up you are.II.Public Documents:Annual reports,internal newslette
29、rs,vision statementsAt the heart of the Power Corp.Way is our vision.to be the global energy company most admired for its people,partnership and performance.Integrity.We are honest with others and ourselves.We meet the highest ethical standards in all business dealings.We do what we say we will do.I
30、II.Behavior:Pace,language,meetings,issues discussed,decision-making style,communication patterns,ritualsHierarchical decision-making,pace brisk but orderly,meetings start on time and end on time,subordinates choose their words very carefully when talking to superiors,people rarely work past 6:00 P.M
31、.,president takes top performing unit on a boat cruise each year.IV.Folklore:Stories,anecdotes,heroines,heroes,villainsYoung project manager was fired after going over his bosss head to ask for additional funds.Stephanie C.considered a hero for taking complete responsibility for a technical error.Ja
32、ck S.was labeled a traitor for joining chief competitor after working for Power Corp.for 15 years.332Implications of Organizational Culture for Organizing Projects Challenges for Project Managers in Navigating Organizational Cultures Interacting with the culture and subcultures of the parent organiz
33、ation Interacting with the projects clients or customer organizations Interacting with other organizations connected to the project333Key TermsBalanced matrixDedicated project teamMatrixOrganizational cultureProjectitisProjectized organizationProject Office(PO)Strong matrixWeak matrix334Organization
34、 of Product Development Projects at ORIONFIGURE C3.1335Traditional Master Plan at ORIONFIGURE C3.2336Proposed Project Organization for the Jaguar ProjectFIGURE C3.3337Jaguar Master PlanFIGURE C3.4338Project Management Structures(contd)Organizing Projects:Network Organizations An alliance of several
35、organizations for the purpose of creating products or services.A“hub”or“core”firm with strong core competencies outsources key activities to a collaborative cluster of satellite organizations.339Project Organization:Network Form Advantages Cost Reduction High Level of Expertise Flexible Disadvantage
36、s Coordination of Breakdowns Loss of Control Conflict2022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University401Organizational culture is best explained as organizational a A.PersonalityB.HierarchyC.Reporting relationshipsD.BackgroundE.Management style 2022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan Unive
37、rsity412 A good project management system provides for defining the interface between the project team and the organization in all the following areas except cA.AuthorityB.Allocation of resourcesC.Development of project team membersD.Integration of the project into the organizationE.All of these are
38、 provided2022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University42 3Organizations have difficulty in creating a system for managing projects because dA.Contrary to typical operations,projects are one-time effortsB.Projects are multidisciplinary while organizations are usually departmentalized by disc
39、iplineC.Projects are not focused on profitsD.Both a and b are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct2022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University434The structure that manages projects within the existing organizational structure is _ organization.aA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Str
40、ong matrixE.Project52022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University44 Bill is working on a project involving the upgrading of a management information system.The project is being managed by the information systems department with coordination with other departments occurring through normal ch
41、annels.He is working in a _ organization.aA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project62022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University45 Which of the following is an advantage of a functional project management organization?aA.Maximum flexibility in the use of staffB.Goo
42、d integration across functional unitsC.Shorter project durationD.Strong motivation of project team membersE.All of these are advantages 72022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University46 Which of the following is a disadvantage of functional project management organization?eA.Lack of motivati
43、on of project team membersB.Longer project durationC.Lack of focus on the projectD.Both b and c are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct82022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University47 Kim is reviewing a proposed project.The scope of the project is narrow with a lot of in-depth expertise requ
44、ired and it will take a short period of time to complete.The best choice for organizing the project is _ organization.aA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project92022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University48A project team that operates with a full-time project mana
45、ger as a separate unit from the rest of the organization is structured as a _ organization.eA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Projectized102022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University49Which of the following combinations represents the extremes of project organizat
46、ion?bA.Strong matrix and balanced matrix organizationsB.Functional and dedicated project teamsC.Project and balanced matrix organizationsD.Project and strong matrix organizationsE.Strong matrix and functional organizations112022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University50MegaComputers,Inc.ha
47、s assigned a project manager for each of the five new-product teams.The managers as well as the project team members work on the projects on a full-time basis.The structure being used is _ organization.eA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project122022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy
48、reserved Jinan University51 Which of the following structures is referred to in popular literature as a projectized form of organizations?eA.Functional organizationB.Balanced matrix organizationC.Weak matrix organizationD.Strong matrix organizationE.Projectized organization132022-8-9Edward Tong2008
49、copy reserved Jinan University52Elizabeth is considering how to structure a project team that will not directly disrupt ongoing operations.The project needs to be done quickly and a high level of motivation will be needed in order to do that.For this situation,the _ organization would be the best ch
50、oice.eA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project142022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University53Projectitis is most likely to occur in the _ organization structure.eA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project152022-8-9Edward Tong2008 copy rese
