1、2021/7/261(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)2021/7/262The First Step to StylisticsI.Key words:Style(文体);stylistics(文体学)Variety of English (语体)Langue (语言)Parole(言语)Text(篇章)Discourse(/语篇/话语)Context(语境);register(语域)Occasion(场合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得体(性)2021/7/263II.What is style?wstyle as rhetoric Gorgias（风
2、格即修辞）;wstyle as form Aristotle（风格即形式）;wstyle as eloquence Cicero(风格即雄辩术);wproper words in proper places Swift（在恰当的地方使用恰当的词）;2021/7/264II.What is style?uLe style,cest lhomme meme Buffon（文如其人）;uLe style,Cest ajouter a une pensee donnee toutes les circonstances propre a produire tout leffect que produi
3、re cette pensee.Stendhal（赋予既定思想并适合产生出它应有效果的全部形式）;ustyle as personal idiosyncrasy Murry（个人表达上的特点）;2021/7/265II.What is style?ustyle as technique of exposition Murry(解说技巧);ustyle as the highest achievement of literature Murry（文学的最高成就）;usaying the right thing in the most effective way Enkvist（以最有效的方式讲恰
4、当的事情）;2021/7/266II.What is style?wstyle as deviation Spitzer(对于常规的变异);wstyle as transformation Ohmann（语言结构的转换）;wstyle as meaning potential Halliday(风格即意义潜势);wstyle as expressiveness Ullman（认知意义的表达）。wLanguage is the dress of thought.Samuel Johnson（语言就是思想的外衣）2021/7/267II.What is style?ustyle as a shel
5、l surrounding a pre-existing core of thought or expression Enkvist（环绕已存在的思想感情或感情内核的外壳）;ustyle as the choice between alternative expressions Enkvist（在不同表达方式中的选择）;ustyle as a set of collective characteristics Enkvist(集合特点的综合);2021/7/268II.What is style?wstyle as those relations among linguistic entiti
6、es that are statable in terms of wider spans of text than the sentence Enkvist（超出句子以外的语言单位之间的关系）;wstyle as equivalence Jakobson and Levi Strauss（结构的对等）；wstyle as function The Prague School approach（风格即功能）;wstyle as foregrounding Mukarovsky（风格即突出）;2021/7/269II.What is style?*An instrument made of met
7、al,bone,etc.,having one end sharp-pointed for incising letters on a wax tablet,and the other flat and broad for smoothing the tablet and erasing what is written:=stylus(The oxford English Dictionary,New Edition,1991)*A)A general manner of doing something which is typical or representative of a perso
8、n or group,a time in history,etc.B)The particular choice of words or manner of expression used by or typical of a writer or speaker(LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH,1998)2021/7/2610III.What is stylistics?(1)A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of situationally-distinct
9、ive uses of language,with particular reference to literary language,and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language(The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought,1977,2nd edn 1988)2021/7/2611III.What is Styl
10、istics?(2)The study of style;just as style can beviewed in several ways,so there are several different stylistic approaches.This variety in stylistics is due to the main influences of linguistics and literary criticism.By far the most common kind of material studied is literary;and attention is larg
11、ely text-centered.The goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sake,but in order to show their functional significance for the 2021/7/2612 interpretation of the text;or in order to relate literary effects to linguistic causes where these are felt t
12、o be relevant.Stylisticians want to avoid vague and impressionistic judgments about the way that formal features are manipulated.As a result,stylistics draws on the models and terminology provided by whatever aspects of linguistics are felt to be relevant.w (Wales,1989:A Dictionary of Stylistics)202
13、1/7/2613III.What is stylistics?(3)A branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style.It studies the use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the characteristics that mark the language use of individuals and social grou
14、ps.2021/7/2614Common cores of“stylistics”wStylistics is concerned with the idea of style,with the analysis of literary texts,and the use of linguistics.Style is usually understood within this area of study as the selection of certain linguistic forms or features over other possible ones.wSome key as
15、pects of stylistics are*the use of linguistics(the study of language)to approach literary texts*the discussion of texts according to objective criteria rather than according purely to subjective and impressionistic values*emphasis on the aesthetic properties of language(for example,the way rhyme can
16、 give pleasure)2021/7/2615III.The Needs for Stylistics：(i)Style is an integral part of meaning.(ii)Stylistics may help us to acquire a“sense of style”(iii)Stylistics prepares the way to the intrinsic study of literature.2021/7/2616Langue(语言)(Longman Dictionary P382)wThe French word for“language”.The
17、 term was used by the linguist Saussure to mean the system of a language,that is the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of or,as Saussure said,“agree to use”.Langue is the“ideal”form of a language.Saussure called the actual use of language by people
18、in speech or writing“parole”.2021/7/2617Langue vs Parole(Routledge Dictionary P268)wA term introduced in de Saussures Cours de linguistique gnralenrale to to distinguish between language(Fr.distinguish between language(Fr.LangueLangue)as an abstract system of signs and rules,as an abstract system of
19、 signs and rules,and the spoken word(Fr.and the spoken word(Fr.ParoleParole)as the)as the concrete realization of language as it is concrete realization of language as it is used.used.LangueLangue is characterized as a static is characterized as a static system of symbols with broad(social)system of
20、 symbols with broad(social)value,due to the invariant and functional value,due to the invariant and functional nature of its elements.nature of its elements.2021/7/2618Langue vs Parole(Routledge Dictionary P268)wInstances of parole are based on this system of langue and vary according to register,ag
21、e,dialect,among other factors.wThe goal of structualist linguistics is to research the systematic regularities of langue(referred to corpus in P106)using data from parole,while parole itself can be researched in various disciplines,like phonetics,psychology,and physiology.2021/7/2619Langue vs Parole
22、(Routledge Dictionary P268)wThe type of difference descibed between langue and parole has been teken many forms:among them,ergon vs energeia(W.von Humboldt),Sprache vs Rede(H.Paul),Sprach-system vs aktualisierte Rede(G.v.d.Gabelentz),Sprachgebilde vs Sprechakt(K.Bhler),hler),register vs use,type vs
23、token(referred to register vs use,type vs token(referred to type-token-relationship).(M.A.K.Halliday)type-token-relationship).(M.A.K.Halliday)2021/7/2620Text(篇章)(quoted from Qian YuanP11)wA TEXT is any passage,spoken or written,of whatever length,that forms a unified whole.It may be the product of a
24、 single speaker/writer(e.g.a sign,a letter,a news report,a statute法令 a novel),or that of several speakers(e.g.a piece of conversation,a debate).A text may take in forms of a dialogue,or a monologue;it also can be a casual talk.2021/7/2621Text(篇章)(Longman Dictioanry P705-706)wIt is normally made up o
25、f one or several sentences that together create a structure or unit,such as a letter,a report,or an essay.wIt has distinctive structural and discourse characteristics wIt has a particular communicative function or purposewIt can often only be fully understood in relation to the context in which it o
26、ccurs2021/7/2622Context(语境)(Routledge Dictionary P100-101)wAs a comprehensive concept in communication theory,“context”refers to all elements of a communicative situation:the verbal and non-verbal context,the context of the given speech situation and the social context of the relationship between th
27、e speaker and hearer,their knowledge,and their attitudes.Catford distinguishes between linguistic context and situational co-text.2021/7/2623Context(Longman Dictionary P149)wThat which occurs before and/or after a word,a phrase or even a longer UTTERANCE or a TEXT.The context often helps in understa
28、nding the particular meaning of the word,phrase,etc.For example,the word loud in loud music is usually understood as meaning“noisy”whereas in a tie with a loud pattern it is understood as“unpleasantly colorful”.The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.F
29、or example,in ordinary usage,spinster refers to an older unmarried woman but in a legal context it refers to any unmarried woman2021/7/2624Contextual factors wCharacteristics of the USER of language:a.Age b.Sex c.Socio-regional or ethnic background d.Education Characteristics of the users USE of lan
30、guage in situationa.Medium of communication:speech or writingb.Setting:private or public(to be continued)2021/7/2625Contextual factorsc.Role-relationship between addresser and addressee:the degree of intimacy;the degree of social distanced.Purpose for which language is used:e.g.to inform;to command;
31、to express feelings;to establish social relations,etc.e.Subject matter(of limited stylistic significance)2021/7/2626AppropriatenesswWhen producing an utterance,a speaker needs to know that it is grammatical,and also that it is suitable(appropriate)for particular situation.(Longman Dictionary P38)202
32、1/7/2627语境与言语交际的得体性w美国语言学家J.A.Fishman:Who Speaks What Language to Whom and When(谁何时对谁说什么话)w美国社会语言学家 Dell Hymes:语境要素SPEAKINGwSSetting and Scene(背景和场景)wPParticipants（参与者）wEEnds（目的和结果）wAAct Sequence（信息的形式与内容）wKKey（信息传递方式）wIInstrumentalities（使用何种语言或方言）wNNorms（在特定情况下应该遵循的常规和规范）wG-Genres（体裁）2021/7/26281.2
33、 语境与言语交际的得体性w(一)狭义:语境可指语篇内部的上下文(co-text;linguistic context)e.gwhot temper,hot newswBut she turned it down(Sam committed theft and was caught red-handed by Mary.Sam offered Mary 2,000 to hush the matter up.But she turned it down wThe sound from the radio was so low that I asked Bob to enhance it,but
34、he turned it down2021/7/26291.2 语境与言语交际的得体性w(二)语境可以指言语事件发生时的社会情境特征(socio-situational features)。w社会情境特征有两种:一种与语言使用者(the user of language)有关,如社会地位社会角色文化修养职业所处的时代与地域处境与心情及其语言的可理解程度和范围(range of intelligibility);一种与语言使用者对语言的使用(the users use of language)有关,如交际双方(或多方)之间的关系熟悉程度、具体的交际时间、地点、交际方式、交际目的、交际的领域和题材
35、等2021/7/26301.2 语境与言语交际的得体性wMichael Gregory 三种情景语境划分:wfield of discourse话语范围 wmode of discourse话语方式 语域(register)wtenor of discourse话语基调(三)语境可以指交际双方(或多方)的言语社团之历史文化和风俗习惯,乃至价值观念等因素,故可称作“社会文化语境”(socio-cultural context),我们平常所说的社会文化背景知识.2021/7/26311.2 语境与言语交际的得体性w对语境的了解既要考虑到语内因素(篇章或话语本身的上下文)又应考虑语外因素。这些复杂因
36、素决定了人们语言形式的选择言语内容的信息传递和言语功能的实现,同时也决定了言语交际的得体性(appropriateness/appropriacy)2021/7/26321.2 语境与言语交际的得体性w John Lyons(Semantics):得体性w(1)言语活动的参与者必须知道自己在整个言语活动中所起的作用和所处的地位w(2)参与者必须知道言语活动的空间和时间 w(3)参与者必须能够辨别言语活动的正式程度w(4)参与者必须了解特定的情境所需要的合适的交际媒介w(5)每个交际者都应该知道如何使自己的话语与言语活动与主题想适应,还应了解主题在选择方言或语言(如在多语社团)中所起的重要作用w
37、(6)每个参与者都必须知道如何使自己的话语与言语活动的情境所属的领域(province)和范围(domain)相适应2021/7/26331.2 语境与言语交际的得体性(Qin P17)w1.Out!w2.Run along,now.w3.Would you mind leaving the room a moment,please?w4.The audience is required to kindly leave the room for a few moments.w5.The management respectfully required the conferees to vaca
38、te the auditorium between sessions in order to facilitate the operations of the custodial staff.2021/7/2634Discourse(语篇/话语)wDiscourse is the language which has been used to communicate something and is felt to be coherent as a unified wholewDiscourse is real language used by real people in real comm
39、unication for the real communicative purposewDiscourse is language in use within multiple contexts textual,social,cultural,and psychological.2021/7/2635Discourse(语篇/话语)(Textbook Discourse and Analysis P2-3)wDiscourse language beyond the sentence is simply language as it occurs,in any context(includi
40、ng the context of linguistic analysis),in any form(including two made-up sentences in sequence;a tape-recorded conversation,meeting,or interview;a novel or play)Tannen(1989)wA general term for examples of language use,i.e.language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication.(Lon
41、gman Dictionary,Richards,et al,1985:83)2021/7/2636Discourse/TextwFirst,people often talk of spoken discourse versus written text.Or alternatively,discourse often is naturally occurring spoken language,as found in such discourses as conversations,interviews,commentaries,and speeches,which implies int
42、eractive discourse;whereas text is written language,as found in such texts as essays,notices,newspaper articles and chapters,which implies non-interactive monologue,whether intended to be spoken aloud or not.2021/7/2637Discourse/TextwSecondly,discourse implies length,whereas a text may be very short
43、.wAnother theoretical way to draw a distinction is proposed by van Dijk(1977).He uses the term text to refer to an abstract theoretical construction which is realized in discourse.In other words,text is to discourse as sentence is to utterance.Note:Halliday(1978:40)uses the term text to point to the
44、 same distinction,but he chooses the opposite term to refer to surface realization,and talks of language being actualized in text.2021/7/2638Register(语域)(Longman Dictionaryof language teachingand applied linguistics0wA speech variety used by a particular group of people,usually sharing the same occu
45、pation(e.g.doctors,lawyers)or the same interests(e.g.stamp collectors,baseball fans).A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by having a number of distinctive words,by using words or phrases in a particular way(e.g.in tennis:deuce局末平分局末平分,love零分零分,tramlines双打时球场两侧的加道双打时
46、球场两侧的加道),and sometimes by special grammatical constructions(e.g.legal language)2021/7/2639Register(语域)(Routledge Dictionary of language and linguisticsP402)wManner of speaking or writing specific to a certain function,that is,characteristic of a certain domain of communication(or of an institution),
47、for example,the language of religious sermons,of parents with their child,or of an employee with his/her supervisor.Registers play a prominent role in Hallidays school of Systemic Functional grammar.(systemic linguistics)2021/7/2640Register(语域)wThe difference between formal and informal language is
48、also called a difference of register.wA formal register is appropriate for legal documents and official occasions like the opening of Parliament,while an informal register is appropriate for casual conversations.2021/7/2641Field of Discourse(话语范围)wEvents and experiences of the speakers or the writer
49、s referred to in the use of language in communication,which manifests the intention to be realized.It is concerned with discourse as presentation,i.e.,how reality is represented in language.(e.g.technical English,non-technical English)话语范围指的是言语交际过程中发生的事情进行的活动论及的事情或表达的经验等,它能体现语言使用者在特定情景语境中所要实现的交际目的.2
50、021/7/2642Mode of discourse(话语方式)wThe way people are talking.It concerns discourse as message,i.e.,how the language being used is organized in its own right.话语方式话语方式指言语交际的渠道或媒介指言语交际的渠道或媒介.*speaking(讲话讲话):Conversing,monologuing;(spontaneously)reciting,the speaking of what is written(non-spontaneously
