1、让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用CMMI 实践解析第三部分 CMMI相关术语介绍让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用课程概述术语概述术语概述和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语123和企业人员相关的术语和企业人员相关的术语4和和EPG工作相关的术语工作相关的术语5让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用术语概述在CMMI 模型中,术语的使用及其定义,对于模型内容的了解相当重要。虽然模型所使用的词汇已编于附录C,但在整个CMMI 模型中,有些术语有特殊用法。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用
2、术语参照的其它标准ISO 9000 ISO 1987ISO/IEC 12207 ISO 1995ISO/IEC 15504 ISO 2006ISO/IEC 15288 ISO 2002bIEEE IEEE 1990SW-CMM v1.1EIA 632 EIA 1994SA-CMM SEI 2002cP-CMM Curtis 2002让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用课程概述术语概述术语概述和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语123和企业人员相关的术语和企业人员相关的术语4和和EPG工作相关的术语工作相关的术语5让
3、软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Establish and Maintain 建立和维护In the CMMI Product Suite,you will encounter goals and practices that include the phrase“establish and maintain”.This phrase means more than a combination of its component terms;it includes documentation and usage.For example,“Establish and maintain a
4、n organizational policy for planning and performing the organizational process focus process”means that not only must a policy be formulated,but it also must be documented,and it must be used throughout the organization.在CMMI产品系列中,目标和实践中常见到“建立和维护(establish and maintain)”。这个字词所包括的意义,不仅是建立和维护,它还有书面化和用
5、法的涵义。举例而言,“建立和维护组织级方针,以规划和执行组织的过程改进的过程”的意思,不仅是陈述这个方针,还必须文档化,并在整个组织中执行。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Discipline 学科In the CMMI Product Suite,the bodies of knowledge available to you when selecting a CMMI model(e.g.,systems engineering).The CMMI Product Team envisions that other bodies of knowledge will be int
6、egrated into the CMMI Framework in the future.在CMMI 产品系列中,“学科(discipline)”是指选择CMMI 模型时,可使用的知识体系(BOK,bodies of knowledge),如系统工程。CMMI 产品团队也计划将其它的学科集成到CMMI 架构中。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Project 项目In the CMMI Product Suite,a managed set of interrelated resources which delivers one or more products to a cust
7、omer or end user.A project has a definite beginning(i.e.,project startup)and typically operates according to a plan.Such a plan is frequently documented and specifies what is to be delivered or implemented,the resources and funds to be used,the work to be done,and a schedule for doing the work.A pro
8、ject can be composed of projects.在CMMI产品系列中,“项目(project)”是一组受管理的相关资源,以便交付一项或多项产品给客户或最终用户。这组资源有明确的起始及终止日期,并按照计划执行。这个计划大多被文档化,并说明将交付和实现的产品、所使用的资源和资金、任务及工作进度表。一个项目也可以由多个项目组成。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Product 产品In the CMMI Product Suite,a work product that is intended for delivery to a customer or end user.
9、The form of a product can vary in different contexts.(See also“customer”,“product component”,“service”,and“work product”)在CMMI 产品系列中,“工作产品(work product)”是指过程结果的具体产出或服务,并预定交付给客户或最终用户。产品的形式在不同的环境中意义不同。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Work product 工作产品In the CMMI Product Suite,a useful result of a process.This ca
10、n include files,documents,products,parts of a product,services,process descriptions,specifications,and invoices.A key distinction between a work product and a product component is that a work product is not necessarily part of the product.在CMMI 产品系列中,“工作产品(work product)”是指过程所产生的有效成果。这些成果包括文件、文档、产品之一
11、部分、服务、过程、规格及声明。工作产品与产品组件的主要差异,在于工作产品不一定要经过工程化或属于最终产品之一部分。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Product component 产品组件In the CMMI Product Suite,a work product that is a lower level component of the product.Product components are integrated to produce the product.There may be multiple levels of product components.(Se
12、e also“product”and“work product.”)在CMMI产品系列中,“产品组件(product component)”是相对性的术语。产品组件通常指产品中较低层的组件,通过集成以构筑成产品。产品组件可能有许多层次,而且是必须经过工程化(定义需求、开发及实现设计)的工作产品,以达到整个生命周期所预定的使用目的。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用课程概述术语概述术语概述和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语123和企业人员相关的术语和企业人员相关的术语4和和EPG工作相关的术语工作相关的术语5让软
13、件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Organization 组织An administrative structure in which people collectively manage one or more projects as a whole,and whose projects share a senior manager and operate under the same policies.However,the word organization as used throughout CMMI models can also apply to one person w
14、ho performs a function in a small organization that might be performed by a group of people in a large organization.基本上,“组织(organization)”是一个由成员共同管理一个或多个项目的行政管理体系。这些项目有共同的资深管理人员,并在相同的政策下执行。不 过在CMMI 模型中,“组织”也可以是只有一个人以执行某功能的小组织;如果在大组织中,这些功能可能由一组人执行。有关“组织单位(organizational unit)”的定义。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、
15、实用Enterprise 企业The full composition of companies.Companies may consist of many organizations in many locations with different customers.(See also“organization.”)在CMMI 模型中,“企业集团(enterprise)”是指一个比“组织”更大的实体。公司可能由位于不同地点及拥有不同客户的多个组织所组成,“企业集团”就是由这些公司组成。例如Microsoft中国是个企业,MSN事业部或研发部门是个组织。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁
16、、实用Organizational unit 组织单位The part of an organization that is the subject of an appraisal.An organizational unit deploys one or more processes that have a coherent process context and operates within a coherent set of business objectives.An organizational unit is typically part of a larger organiza
17、tion,although in a small organization,the organizational unit may be the whole organization.评估目标中组织的一部分。一个组织单位部署一套或多套过程一致的过程并且在一致的商业目标下进行执行。典型的组织单位是一个大组织范围的部分,在小的组织范围下可能是整个组织。例如:OU是对日外包部门或者产品研发部门。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用OSSP 组织标准过程A collection of definitions of the processes that guide activities in a
18、n organization.These process descriptions cover the fundamental process elements(and their relationships to each other,such as ordering and interfaces)that must be incorporated into the defined processes that are implemented in projects across the organization.A standard process enables consistent d
19、evelopment and maintenance activities across the organization and is essential for long-term stability and improvement.组织标准过程包括组织中指导所有活动的过程的定义。这些过程说明包括基本的过程组件及其相互关系,而且这些基本的过程组件必须合并到整个组织的项目所执行的已定义过程中。标准过程使整个组织具有一致的开发活动和维护活动,也是长期的稳定性及改进的重要条件。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Org Process Assets 组织过程资产Artifacts tha
20、t relate to describing,implementing,and improving processes(e.g.,policies,measurements,process descriptions,and process implementation support tools).The term process assets is used to indicate that these artifacts are developed or acquired to meet the business objectives of the organization,and the
21、y represent investments by the organization that are expected to provide current and future business value.组织过程资产是指与过程的描述、实施及改进有关的成果,如方针、度量、过程描述及支持过程实施的工具等。”过程资产”指出开发或取得这些成果的目的是:满足组织的经营目标。过程资产也代表组织的投资,并预测这些投资会提供目前及未来的经营价值。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Process architecture 过程构架The ordering,interfaces,interde
22、pendencies,and other relationships among the process elements in a standard process.Process architecture also describes the interfaces,interdependencies,and other relationships between process elements and external processes(e.g.,contract management).过程架构说明标准过程中,过程组件间的次序、接口、相互按赖,以及过程组件间的其它关系。过程架构也说明
23、过程组件与外部过程(例如:合同管理)间的接口、相互按赖及其它关系。回顾三角形结构图。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用课程概述术语概述术语概述和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语123和企业人员相关的术语和企业人员相关的术语4和和EPG工作相关的术语工作相关的术语5让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Customer 客户The party(individual,project,or organization)responsible for accepting the product or for aut
24、horizing payment.The customer is external to the project,but not necessarily external to the organization.The customer may be a higher level project.Customers are a subset of stakeholders.客户是承担接受产品或授权付款责任的团体(可能是个人、项目或组织)。客户是项目的外部单位,但未必是组织的外部单位。客户可能是较高层的项目,也是相关人员的一部分。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Stakeholder
25、 干系人In the CMMI Product Suite,a group or individual that is affected by or is in some way accountable for the outcome of an undertaking.Stakeholders may include project members,suppliers,customers,end users,and others.干系人是承担计划执行结果或受计划影响的个人或团体,可能包括项目成员、供应商、客户及最终用户。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Relevant stake
26、holder 相关干系人A stakeholder that is identified for involvement in specified activities and is included in a plan.相关干系人是指在一个计划中,参与某特定活动的相关人员。请参见项目策划过程域的子实践”策划相关干系人的参与”,以及共性实践“识别并介入相关干系人”的说明。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Project Manager 项目经理In the CMMI Product Suite,the person responsible for planning,directing
27、,controlling,structuring,and motivating the project.The project manager is responsible for satisfying the customer.在CMMI 产品系列中,项目经理是负责策划、指导、控制、组织及推动项目的人,也是承担满足客户需求责任的人。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Manager 管理人员In the CMMI Product Suite,a person who provides technical and administrative direction and control
28、 to those performing tasks or activities within the managers area of responsibility.The traditional functions of a manager include planning,organizing,directing,and controlling work within an area of responsibility.对CMMI 模型而言,管理人员是指对其所辖责任范围内执行工作或活动者,提供技术以及行政指导和控制的人。管理人员典型的功能是策划、组织、指导及控制其所辖范围的工作。让软件过
29、程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Higher level Management 高层经理The person or persons who provide the policy and overall guidance for the process,but do not provide the direct day to day monitoring and controlling of the process.Such persons belong to a level of management in the organization above the immediate leve
30、l responsible for the process and can be(but are not necessarily)senior managers.在CMMI 模型中,高层经理是指一个组织中,层次相对高级的管理角色。高层经理主要专注于组织长期的经营,而不是短期的项目及合同的顾虑和压力。高层有权分配或重分配资源,以支持组织过程改进的有效性。符合以上条件的管理人员都可以是高层经理,包括组织负责人。高层经理的同义词有”主管(executive)”和”高层主管(top-level manager)”,但为了确保模型之一致性及实用性,CMMI 模型里并不使用这两个同义词。让软件过程更简洁、
31、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用课程概述术语概述术语概述和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和模型结构及模型描述相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语和企业组织结构相关的术语123和企业人员相关的术语和企业人员相关的术语4和和EPG工作相关的术语工作相关的术语5让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Document 文档A collection of data,regardless of the medium on which it is recorded,that generally has permanence and can be read by humans or machines.So,doc
32、uments include both paper and electronic documents.文档是数据的集合,不管其储存方式。文档通常具有永久性,而且可由人或机器来阅读。文档包括书面文档和电子文档。注意:文档是和介质无关的。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Orgs business objectives 商业目标Senior management developed strategies designed to ensure an organizations continued existence and enhance its profitability,market
33、share,and other factors influencing the organizations success.高层经理提出的战略规划来确保组织持续的存在并且影响企业成功的例如:增强企业的盈利,市场占有率和其它因素。针对商业目标的过程改进目标可以定义为例如:降低返工率,提高生产效率,建立一支持续改进的团队等等。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Appraisal 评估In the CMMI Product Suite,an examination of one or more processes by a trained team of professionals usi
34、ng an appraisal reference model as the basis for determining,at a minimum,strengths and weaknesses.在CMMI 产品系列中,评估是指一群培训有素的专家,以某种评估的参考模型(reference model)为基础,对过程进行检验,以决定其优点及缺点的过程。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Assessment 评价In the CMMI Product Suite,an appraisal that an organization does internally for the purp
35、oses of process improvement.The word assessment is also used in the CMMI Product Suite in an everyday English sense(e.g.,risk assessment).在CMMI 产品系列中,评价是组织为了本身过程改进的目的所进行之一个评价。“评价”在CMMI 产品系列中使用的意义与日常使用的意义相同,如风险评价。让软件过程更简洁、实用让软件过程更简洁、实用Orgs process asset library 过程资产库A library of information used to s
36、tore and make available process assets that are useful to those who are defining,implementing,and managing processes in the organization.This library contains process assets that include process related documentation such as policies,defined processes,checklists,lessons-learned documents,templates,standards,procedures,plans,and training materials.“组织过程资产库是用来储存过程资产的信息库。它使组织中定义、实施及管理过程的人员,可以取得这些有用的过程资产。这信息库包括文档、文档片段、过程实施辅助及其它成果等过程资产。方针、已定义过程、检查单、学习心得的文档、样板、标准、规程、开发计划、度量计划及培训教材等是过程相关文档的例子。此信息库是重要资源,在使用过程时有助于减少工作量。