1、Part A Theoretical study sectionTraining target:In this part,our target is to train the speed of reading professional article and comprehension.We have made the flexible sentences strong black and marked the subject,predicate and object of them.Try to grasp the main idea of these sentences.主语、谓语、宾语P
2、art A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction A computer is just a machine,but a computer system consists of two main elements:the machine and programs.Like a person,a computer system is composed of two parts:the bonehardware and the soulsoftware.The central idea of a computing syste
3、m is that input is processed into output.Input is the data which is entered into the computer,and output is the result of processing done by the computer,usually printed out or displayed on the screen.Let us get closer to the computer from the basic components.When talking about computer,such image
4、as Pic2-1 will appear in our mind:a display screen known as the basic output device,a keyboard usually together with a mouse as the basic input device,and a cabinet known as a machine box.program prugrmn.程序hardware h:dwn.硬件software.sftw n.软件componentkmpunntn.部件display screen显示器output device输出设备keybo
5、ard ki:b:d n.键盘mouse maus n.鼠标input device输入设备cabinet kbinit n.橱柜Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction With the development of science and technology,modern computer becomes more and more flexible,and the hardware family becomes stronger and stronger.A lot of new peripherals
6、 appear.These peripherals can be classified into two groupsinput devices and output devices.flexible fleksbl adj.灵活的peripheral prifrln.外围设备Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Input devices(Pic2-2),as the name suggests,are any hardware components(that allow you to put the d
7、ata,programs and commands into the computer).One of the most important input devices is the keyboard.Users can type in text or enter keyboard commands using the keyboard.Another device which can be used to input data is a scanner.This electronic device is used to transfer an image such as text,or pi
8、ctures into the computer.The most useful pointing device is a mouse,which allows the user to point to elements on the screen.And there are some other input devices,such as microphone,PC camera,digital camera,joystick,graphics tablet and light pen.text tekstn.文本scanner sknn.扫描机pointing device定点设备micr
9、ophone maikrfunn.麦克风PC camera摄像头digital camera数码相机joystick di.stikn.游戏杆graphics tablet图形写字板light pen光笔Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Output devices are devices that let you see what the computer has accomp
10、lished.Several devices are used o display the output from a computer.The favorite monitor is the LCD,(which is slim and takes up little space,and displays text and images with greater clarity).Another important output device is the printer,which allows the user to copy the data in the computer into
11、the paper.Speakers and headphones allow the listener to hear audio data,such as speech or music through the computer.And there are some other output devices,such as projector and facsimile machine.text tekstn.文本scanner sknn.扫描机pointing device定点设备microphone maikrfunn.麦克风PC camera摄像头digital camera数码相机
12、joystick di.stikn.游戏杆graphics tablet图形写字板light pen光笔Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction All the components of a computer（that we can see and feel）are hardware.They work together to help us with our daily work.Do you know how can a computer manage so many devices?The real s
13、ecret lies in the machine box.When we take the cover off a small computer and look inside,The real computer appears in front of us，we will see a few circuit boards,some wires and some cables.In fact,the motherboard is the most important part in the machine box.Two main components on the motherboard
14、are the CPU and memory.wire wai n.导线cable keibl n.电缆线motherboard mb:d n.母板，主板CPU 中央处理器memory memri n.内存Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction The CPU sometimes referred to as the processor.It is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
15、 operate the computer.CPU is the control and data processing center of the whole computer system.You can simply regard it as a skillful cook,the only difference is just that the cook process meat and vegetable,makes them become delicious dishes.Here meat and vegetable is the input for the cook,and s
16、ome dishes certainly are the output from the cook.Now turn back to our CPU,it can process the digital data from an input device,and output them to an output devices.digital data数字数据Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Just like the excellent cook we mentioned before,he must
17、 need a number of blank plates around him,which stored meats and vegetables processed by the cook,thats a great help for his cooking.And after dinner,the plates should be cleaned up.Memory stores information processing by the CPU.The data stream can flow from the CPU into memory or on the contrary.M
18、emory consists of RAM and ROM.Any information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned off,just like that the plates be cleaned by the cook.data stream数据流RAM 随机存取存储器contrary kntrri n.相反ROM 只读存储器Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Most of the devices connected to the
19、 computer communicate with CPU in order to carry out a task.The CPU controls the data flow on the inner Bus,there are three kinds of Buses used in our computer:AB,DB and CB.The most popularbus to be used on a motherboard is a PCI bus.That is peripheral components inter face bus.inner Bus内部总线AB(Addre
20、ss Bus)abbr.地址总线DB(Data Bus)abbr.数据总线CB(Control Bus)abbr.控制总线Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction The CPU uses storage to hold data,instructions and information for future use.Storage also called secondary storage,auxiliary storage,Think of storage a little cabinet used to
21、hold file folders,and memory as the top of your desk.When you need a file,you can get it from the filing cabinet(storage)and place it on your desk(memory).When you finish a file,you return it to the filing cabinet(storage).The items in storage are retained even when power is removed from the compute
22、r.auxiliary storage辅助存储器file folder文件夹filing cabinet文件柜retain ritein vt.保留Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Key Wordshardware n.硬件 mouse n.鼠标keyboard n.键盘 scanner n.扫描机printer n.打印机 circuit n.电路speaker n.音箱 wire n.导线 cable n.电缆线motherboard n.母板，主板 memory n.内存instruction
23、n.指令 headphone n.耳机command n.命令 speaker n.扬声器 audio n.音频projector n.投影仪 scanner n.扫描机 joystick n.游戏杆Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Key Wordsmicrophone n.麦克风 peripheral n.外围设备output device 输出设备 input device 输入设备 display screen 显示器 light pen 光笔auxiliary storage 辅助存储器 in
24、ner Bus 内部总线file folder 文件夹 facsimile machine 传真机digital data 数字数据 data stream 数据流pointing device 定点设备 PC camera 摄像头 digital camera 数码相机 graphics tablet 图形写字板 CPU Central Processing Unit abbr.中央处理器RAM Random Access Memory abbr.随机存取存储器ROM Read Only Memory abbr.只读存储器LCD Liquid Crystal Display abbr.液晶显
25、示器Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill one A short Introduction Key Wordsmicrophone n.麦克风 peripheral n.外围设备output device 输出设备 input device 输入设备 display screen 显示器 light pen 光笔auxiliary storage 辅助存储器 inner Bus 内部总线file folder 文件夹 facsimile machine 传真机digital data 数字数据 data stream 数据流pointing device
26、定点设备 PC camera 摄像头 digital camera 数码相机 graphics tablet 图形写字板 CPU Central Processing Unit abbr.中央处理器RAM Random Access Memory abbr.随机存取存储器ROM Read Only Memory abbr.只读存储器LCD Liquid Crystal Display abbr.液晶显示器Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?When we talk about the comput
27、er,we usually meet the topic:motherboard(Pic 2.4).The main circuit board in a computer is called the motherboard.It is a flat board that holds all of the key elements microprocessorn.微处理器socket n.插座plug in 插上that make up the“brain”of the system,including the microprocessor or CPU,RAM or primary memo
28、ry,and expansion slots which are sockets where other circuit boards called expansion boards may be plugged in.Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?Let us use the system shown in Pic 2.5 to show you how a typical computer works.A computer is controlled by a stored progra
29、m,so if we want to use a computer,the first step is copying the program from diskette into memory.Now the processor can begin executing instructions;the data input from the keyboard are stored in memory.The processor processes the data and then stores the results back into memory.At last,we can get
30、the result.processor n.处理器executev.执行Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?Now we can see that a computer system consists of four basic components.An input device provides data.The data are stored in memory,which also holds a program.Under the controls of the program,the
31、 computers processor processes the data.The results flow from the computer to an output device.Let us introduce the system components one by one,beginning with the processor.The processor,usually called the central processing unit(CPU)or main processor,is the heart of a computer.It is the CPU that i
32、n fact processes or manipulates data and controls all the rest parts of the computer.How can it manage its job?The secret is software.Without a program to provide control,a CPU can do nothing.How can a program guide the CPU through the processes?Let us consider from the basic element of a programins
33、truction.consists of 由组成manipulate v.处理，操作element n.元素Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?An instruction is composed of two parts:an operation code and one or more operands(Pic 2.6).The operation codes tell the CPU what to do and the operands tell the CPU where to find
34、 the data to be manipulated.operand n.操作数operation code 操作码Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?The processor contains four major components(Pic 2.7):a clock,an instruction control,an arithmetic and logic unit(usually shortened ALU)and several registers.The clock genera
35、tes precisely timed pulses of current that synchronize the processors other components.Then the instruction control unit determines the location of the next instruction to be executed and fetches it from the main memory.The arithmetic and logic unit performs arithmetic operations(such as addition an
36、d subtraction)and logic operations(such as testing a value to see if it is true or false),while the registers are temporary storage devices that hold control information,key data and some intermediate results.Since the registers are located in the CPU,the processing speed is faster than the main mem
37、ory.Then which is the key component to a computers speed?It is the clock!In more detail,it is the clocks frequency that decides a computers processing speed.When we buy a computer,we usually consider the main frequency first,and that means a clocks frequency.precisely adv.精确地pulse n.脉冲current n.电流sy
38、nchronize v.同步register n.寄存器temporary adj.暂时的intermediate adj.中间的frequency n.频率Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?Now we will talk more in detail about the Microprocessors and Central Processing Units(Pic 2.8).Microprocessors are central processing units etched on a t
39、iny chip of silicon and,thus,are called microchips.Microprocessors contain many electronic switches,called transistors,which determine whether electric current is allowed to pass through or now.Transistors are the basic switch n.开关Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?bu
40、ilding blocks of microprocessors.A single microchip may contain millions of transistors.When electric current is allowed to pass through,the switch is on.This represents a 1 bit.If the current does not pass through,the switch is off.This represents a 0 bit.Different combinations of transistors repre
41、sent different combinations of bits,which are used to represent special characters,letters,and digits.represent v.代表combination n.组合Part A Theoretical study sectionSkill Two How Does a Computer Work?Key Wordsmicroprocessor n.微处理器processor n.处理器operand n.操作数 register n.寄存器frequency n.频率 switch n.开关so
42、cket n.插座 pulse n.脉冲synchronize v.同步 processor n.处理器plug in 插上 operation code 操作码Part A Theoretical study sectionFast Reading One Input and OutputWe often hear of input/output system(or I/O),Whats the I/O system?In computing,I/O is the communication between an information processing system(such as a
43、 computer)and the outside world.Inputs are the signals or data received by the system,and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.I/O devices are used by a person(or other system)to communicate with the computer.For example,The keyboard and The Mouse(Pic2)may be an input devices for the compute
44、r,while monitors(Pic1)and printers are considered output devices.Modem(Pic 3)and Network Interface Cards(NIC Pic4),typically serve for both input and output devices.Pic 1 Monitor Pic 2 keyboard an mouse Pic 3 ModemPic 4 NICPart A Theoretical study sectionFast Reading One Input and OutputThe Mouse an
45、d the Keyboard take as input physical devices.The user use them input the information,and the Input devices convert it into the signal that a computer can understand.The output information from these devices is input for the computer.Similarly,the printer and the monitor take as input signal that a
46、computer output.They convert these signals into symbols that the user can see or read.These interactions between the computer and the user are called humancomputer interaction.Memory is the devices that the CPU can read and write to directly,with individual instructions.In computer architecture,the
47、combination of the CPU and the main Memory is considered the brain of a computer.and from that point of view any transfer of information from or to that combination,for example to or from a disk drive,is considered I/O.The CPU and its supporting circuitry provide memory-mapped I/O that is used in lo
48、w-level computer programming,such as the implementation of device drivers.An I/O algorithm is one designed to exploit locality and perform efficiently when data reside on secondary storage,such as a disk drive.Part A Theoretical study sectionFast Reading Two History of the computerElectronic compute
49、r was one of the greatest inventions in the 20th century.Once talking about computer,we have to think of the birth of ENIAC(Electric Numerical Integrator And Calculator)(Pic 1).Part A Theoretical study sectionFast Reading Two History of the computerThe start of World War II produced a large need for
50、 computer capacity,especially for the military.New weapons were made for which trajectory tables and other essential data were needed.In 1946,John P.Eckert,John W.Mauchly,and their associates at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed el
