1、社会创新与社会组织发展社会创新与社会组织发展Social Innovation and Development of NGOs王王 名名Wang Ming2008.12.42008.12.4要 点Outlinep 社会改革和社会创新面临的问题p The problems faced by social reform and social innovationp 社会组织的发展过程和发展趋势p The development history and trend of NGOs社会改革和社会创新面临的问题社会改革和社会创新面临的问题TheThe problems faced by social r
2、eform and social innovation 社会改革的必然性 Inevitability of social reform 社会创新的基本命题 Basic propositions of social innovation 社会改革和社会创新面临的难题 Difficulties in social reform and social innovation1.1 社会改革的必然性 Inevitability of Social Reform政治改革经济改革社会改革Social reformPolitical reformEconomic reform社会改革Social reform
3、1.2 社会创新的基本命题Basic Propositions of Social Innovation 革旧的社会管理体制之命 革旧的社会组织形式之命 革旧的社会资本形态之命破旧 与市场经济的发展相适应 与政治改革的方向相适应 与公民社会的需要相适应立新 单位体制瓦解Disintegration of organization system 事业单位改革Reform of public institutions 社会团体改革Reform of social organizations 人民团体改革Reform of peoples groups 后门关系失灵Failure of backdo
4、or practices 社会诚信丧失Loss of social creditability 社会重组 Social reconstruction 社会组织发育 Development of NGOs 社区建设 Community building 公民参与 Citizens participation Abolish the oldEstablish the newAbolish the old system of social governanceAbolish the old mode of social organizationAbolish the old form of soci
5、al capitalAdapt to the development of market economyAdapt to the orientation of political reformAdapt to the needs of civil society1.3 社会改革和社会创新面临的难题Difficulties in Social Reform and Innovation破旧之难立新之难创新之难旧体制已适应市场经济The old system has already adapted to the market economy适应市场经济的旧体制处于寡头垄断地位The old sys
6、tem that has adapted to the market economy holds an oligarchic position旧而不破It is old but hard to be abolished;新而不立It is new but hard to be established;新溶于旧The new then mixes with the old;新而无创Hence no innovation is madeDifficulties in abolishing the oldDifficulties in establishing the newDifficulties
7、 in innovation社会组织的发展过程和发展趋势社会组织的发展过程和发展趋势Development Process and Trend of NGOs一一.社会组织的界定与公民社会的含义社会组织的界定与公民社会的含义1.The definition of NGO and Meanings of Civil Societyl 社会组织定义l The definition of NGOl 社会组织概念图示l Illustration of the concept of NGOl 社会组织基本属性l Basic properties of NGOl 社会组织一般分类l General cla
8、ssification of NGO l 公民社会含义l Meanings of civil society社会组织定义社会组织定义The Definition of NGOl概称在社会转型过程中由各个不同社会阶层的公民自发成立的、在一定程度上具有非营利性、非政府性和社会性特征的各种组织形式及其网络形态。这些组织中通常包括各种冠以“学会”、“研究会”、“协会”、“商会”、“促进会”、“联合会”等名称的会员制组织，以及包括基金会和各种民办学校、民办医院、民办社会福利设施等各类公益服务实体在内的非会员制组织。lNGO refers to various organization forms and
9、 their networks which are established by various social classes and are non-profit,non-governmental and social to some extent.They include the membership organizations which are titled society,academy,association,chamber of commerce,promotion council or federation and non-membership organizations su
10、ch as foundations,private schools,private hospitals and private social welfare facilities,etc.社会组织概念图示社会组织概念图示Illustration of the Concept of NGOStateMarketSocietyNGO in the broad sense 1Including:l Grassroots community organizationsl Rural professional cooperativesl Registered NPCsl Foreign NGCs in
11、ChinaNGO in the broad sense 2Including:l peoples groupsl public institutionsNGO in the broad sense 3Including:l Social EnterprisesNGO in the narrow senseIncluding:l social groupslFoundationslPrivate non-enterprise organizationslChamber of commerce社会组织基本属性社会组织基本属性Basic Properties of NGOl非营利性 Non-prof
12、itl不分配约束：不得从财产及运作中获得利益；lNon-distribution:obtaining no benefit from assets and operation;l非牟利控制：具备有效规避较高风险与较高回报的自我控制机制；lNon-profit:having self-regulatory mechanism which can avoid relatively high risks and gain relatively high returns effectively;l财产保全限制：不得以捐赠以外的其它方式变更财产及其产权结构。lAsset preservation:pro
13、hibited from modifying the assets and ownership structure by other means than donation.l非政府性 Non-governmentall自主、自治和独立性，是自主决策、自治管理的独立实体；lSelf-determined,self-governed and independent:they are independent entities enjoying independent decision-making power and autonomous governance.l民主、公开和社会性，是民主治理、公
14、开透明的开放组织；lDemocracy,openness and sociality:they are open,transparent and democratically governed organizations.l非垄断的市场竞争性，是追求核心竞争力、在市场中优胜劣汰的实力组织。lNon-monopolistic market competitiveness:they are organizations pursuing core competitiveness and subject to the market rule of“survival of the best”.l社会性
15、Socialityl资源的社会性资源的社会性，资源主要来自社会，包括募捐、接受捐赠、申请资助、收取会费等社会资源，以及志愿者等人力资源；lSociality of resources:their resources,including such human resources as volunteers,derive mainly from society by way of soliciting donations,accepting donations,applying for funding,collecting membership fees,etc.l产出的社会性产出的社会性，提供的
16、产品或服务具有较强的利他或公益导向，其受益对象或是不特定多数的社会成员，或是社会上的弱势群体或边缘群体；lSociality of output:their products or services are altruistic and non-profit to a very high degree;their beneficiaries are either disadvantaged groups or vulnerable groups.l问责的社会性问责的社会性，在其运作管理的过程中要受到来自社会及公共部门的问责与监督。lSociality of accountability:the
17、ir operation and management shall be subject to accountability and the supervision of society and the public sector.社会组织一般分类社会组织一般分类General Classification of NGOl三大类别 Three Typesl社会团体：会员制组织，以人及其社会关系为基础；lSocial Groups:membership organizations based on people and their social relations;l基金会：非会员制组织，以捐赠
18、及公益财产关系为基础；lFoundations:non-membership organizations based on donation and public asset relationship;l民办非企业单位：实体服务机构，直接提供各类社会服务。lPrivate non-enterprise organizations:entity service organizations providing various social services directly.l最新分类及其含义lLatest Classification and Meaningsl民政部参考国际通行统计分类体系并结
19、合我国民间组织发展的特点，于2006年下半年提出了新的分类体系，并用于三类民间组织的年度检查工作。lBy referring to the internationally accepted statistical classification system and linking with the development features of Chinese NGOs,the Ministry of Civil Affairs set forth in the second half of 2006 a new classification system,which has been app
20、lied to the annual inspection of the three types of NGOs.20072007年新分类图示年新分类图示Illustration of the New Classification 20076.86%1.48%25.66%10.44%12.63%5.78%4.15%1.09%5.12%0.95%9.59%4.22%0.12%11.90%科技与研究生态环境教育卫生社会服务文化体育法律工商业服务宗教农业及农村发展职业及从业组织国际及涉外组织其他Sci-tech and researchEco-environmentEducationHealthSo
21、cial servicesCultureSportsLawServices for industry and commerceReligionAgriculture and rural developmentOccupation and employment org.International and foreign-related org.Others 公民社会的含义公民社会的含义Meanings of Civil Societyl在一个社会中，各种形式的社会组织都能够得到较为充分的发展，它们作为公民自发和自主的结社形式能较容易地获得合法性支持，作为公民及其群体的社会表达形式能多渠道地进行沟
22、通、对话、协商和博弈，作为公民参与社会公共事务的组织制度形式能在公平竞争的条件下得到来自公共部门的资源；公民及其群体因社会组织的存在而增加社会资本，企业等营利组织因社会组织的存在而富有社会责任，党和政府等公共部门因社会组织的存在而更加民主、高效和提高问责能力，整个社会因社会组织的存在而富有和谐性、包容性、多样化和承受力。这样的一种由社会组织的充分发展所带来的社会状态，我们称之为公民社会。lIn a society,if all types of NGOs can fully develop,can obtain the legal support quite easily as a spont
23、aneous and independent form of association among citizens,can communicate,talk,consult and compete with each other through multiple channels as a form of social expression of citizens and their groups,and can acquire resources from the public sector on fair and competitive conditions as a form of or
24、ganization through which citizens participate in the public affairs,and if citizens and citizen groups can enjoy more social capital,such commercial organizations as enterprises can be more socially responsible,and such public sector organizations as the Party and government can be more democratic,e
25、fficient and can enhance the accountability,and the entire society can be more harmonious,tolerant,diversified and endurable,all due to the existence of NGOs.We call such kind of state of society which come into being with the significant development of NGO a civil society.二二.社会组织的发展历程社会组织的发展历程2.Dev
26、elopment History of NGOl 30年的总体发展态势l Overall development trend in the past 30 yearsl 第一阶段：民间组织兴起阶段l Stage 1:Emergence of NGOl 第二阶段：民间组织的规范管理和新的发展高潮l Stage 2:Regularized management and new development climax of NGO30年的总体发展态势Overall Development Trend in the Past 30 Years0500001000001500002000002500003
27、0000035000040000045000019881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007基金会民非社会团体020040060080010001200197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007FoundationsPrivate non-enterprise organizationsSocial groups第一阶段：民间组织兴起阶段Stage 1:Emergence of NGOFoundation
28、sAssociationsSocieties第二阶段：民间组织的规范管理和新的发展高潮Stage 2:Regularized Management and New Development Climax of Private OrganizationsFoundationsAssociationsSocieties三三.中国民间组织发育和发展的社会基础中国民间组织发育和发展的社会基础3.Social Basis for the Growth and Development of Chinese NGOsu 体制变革：民间组织的发生学u Institutional change:Generatio
29、n science of NGOu 公共空间：民间组织发展的内在逻辑u Public space:Intrinsic logic of the development of NGO u 集体行动：民间组织发展的阶层基础u Collective action:Social class basis for the development of NGO 体制变革：民间组织的发生学Institutional Change:Generation Science of NGO 创造体制外平台 发挥知识分子作用鼓励结社 开辟体制外市场 发挥农民作用联产承包l旧体制失灵lFailure of the old
30、systeml摸着石头过河lFeeling the wayl学会lSocietiesl研究会lAssociationl科普协会lPopular science associationsl农民专业研究会lFarmers professional assocaitionl农村合作基金会lRural cooperative foundationsAssociationencouragedHouseholdcontractingCreate extra-system platformsLet intellectuals play their roleexplore extra-system marke
31、tLet farmers play their role公共空间：民间组织发展的内在逻辑Public Space：Intrinsic Logic of the Development of NGO社会转型产生越来越巨大的公共空间及其需求国家体系边缘市场体系边缘从边缘走向核心From the margin to the core从自上而下 到上下结合 再到自下而上From top-down To combination of top and bottom To bottom-upMargin of the market systemMargin of the state systemSocial
32、 transformation gives birth to an increasingly big public space and needs集体行动：民间组织发展的阶层基础Collective Action:Social Class Basis for the Development of NGO 知识分子 农民第一阶段平民阶层 政治精英 知识精英 经济精英第二阶段精英阶层非主流Non-mainstream主 流MainstreamStage 1CiviliansStage 2ElitesIntellectuals farmers Political elites Intellectua
33、l elitesEconomic elites 四四.中国走向公民社会的发展道路中国走向公民社会的发展道路4.Development Path of China toward Civil Societyu 未来发展的主要影响因素u Key factors that influence future development u 中国公民社会的发展道路u Development path of Chinas Civil Society未来发展的主要影响因素未来发展的主要影响因素Key Factors that Influence Future Developmentl坚定不移推进改革lUnswer
34、ving advance of reforml持续稳定经济增长lSteady and stable economic growthl法律法规逐步完善lGradual perfection of laws and regulationsl市场经济走向成熟lMaturity of the market economyl全球化的机遇挑战lOpportunities and challenges of globalizationl社会分层利益集团lSocial stratification and interest groupsl互联网和手机短信lInternet and mobile short t
35、ext messages 中国公民社会的发展道路中国公民社会的发展道路Development Path of Chinas Civil Society政治精英主导的威权诱导型知识精英主导的民主倡导型经济精英主导的财富推进型 社会组织与政府高度合作 NGOs cooperate with government to a high degree 社会组织与政府、市场博弈 NGOs compete with government and market 社会组织与财富/企业合作 NGOs cooperate with wealth/enterprises Inducement of power led
36、 by political elites Advocacy of democracy led by Intellectual elites Advance of wealth led by Economic elites结结 论论Conclusion 不管人们主观上能否接受，精英主导正在改变着中国公民社会的发展路径。在精英主导下的中国公民社会发展可能走出完全不同的道路，但一个渐渐明朗的趋势是：中国社会组织的发展所推动的走向公民社会的过程，越来越纳入中国社会转型的主流大道中，浩浩荡荡，其势正昌。Whether it is accepted by people or not,the elite-l
37、ed development is now changing the path of civil society in China.The elite-led development of civil society may embark on a completely different road,but an increasingly clear trend is that the process of NGOs promoting civil society in China is more and more integrated into the mainstream of social transformation in China.It is flourishing with a great momentum.
