1、1 Introduction2 Halogens 3 Oxygen and chalcogens4 Nitrogen,phosphorus,arsenic,antimony,bismuth5 Carbon,silicon,germanium,tin,lead6 Boron,aluminum,thallium7 Hydrogen and noble gases8 Summary1 Introduction 1-2 Characteristics of elements in p-Block H HeB C N O F NeAl Si P S Cl ArGa Ge As Se Br KrIn Sn
2、 Sb Te I XeTl Pb Bi Po At Rnouter electron configurations:ns2np1-6 0 group:ns2np6With their closed-shell electron configurations ns2np6,the noble gas elements of 0 group neither attract nor lose electrons under common conditions.A-IIIA:ns2np15 number of valence electrons=the highest oxidation number
3、=group numberThe 21 nonmetal elements,each tends to attract electrons to itself to reach the closed-shell electron configurations.Abnormality for elements in period 2 high electronegativity value(X),small radius,no d orbital for use.The electron affinity E1:F Br IX-X bond strengths:F Br ICoordinatio
4、n number CN 4 elements in periods 5 and 6镧系收缩镧系收缩:57La to 71Lu,the radius of Lu is only 0.11A less than that of La Lanthanide contraction causes the radii of elements of period 6 almost equal to those of elements in the same group of period 5.中间排异样性Elements in period 4 having 3d10 Compared with elem
5、ents in periods 2 and 3,the effective nuclear charge(Z*)increase and the radius decrease,which cause bigger Z*/r value and bigger electronegativity value.2 Halogens2-1 General properties2-2 Elements2-2-1 Properties2-2-2 Preparations(制备制备)2-2-3 Usages2-3 Compounds2-3-1 HX2-3-2 Halides Interhalogen co
6、mpounds(卤素间化合物卤素间化合物)Polyhalogen compounds(多卤化物多卤化物)2-3-3 Oxides(OF2,ClO2,I2O5)2-3-4 Oxiacids(含氧酸含氧酸)/salts2-1 General propertiesn Outer electron configuration:ns2np5nOxidation numbers -1 ionic bond,NaFcovalent bond,HFcoordination bond,BF4、AgCl2+1,+3,+5,+7 when halogen element combine with more elec
7、tronegative elements,such as ClO2 and polyhalogen compounds.nExisting form in nature:X,MXnnFrom F to I,r increase,while I1、E1、X decreaseWith an exception:E1Cl E1F F2Cl2Br2I2X2/X/V2.87 1.361.090.54X2 oxidizing agent F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 X reducing agent F Cl Br HCl HBr HImp、bp:HF HCl HBr HCl HBr HI 1/2H2(g)
8、+1/2X2=HX(g)fGm(kJ/mol)273 95 53 1.7E(kJ/mol)565 431 364 299HFHCl HBr HIrGm(KJ/mol)17.740.8 54.2 57Ka104107.2 109.5 1010.2Acid strength of HX(aq)HF:Ka=10-4 HCl HBr H2SO3HNO3 HNO2b.Thermal stability and oxidizing capacity:还原为低价:还原为低价态或单质时,所需破坏的态或单质时,所需破坏的RO键越多,酸越稳定,氧键越多,酸越稳定,氧化性越弱。化性越弱。氧化性氧化性:HOCl HC
9、lO2 HClO3 HClO4(aq)HOCl HCl+1/2O2 HClO3+HI/SO2/Zn/Al Cl+IO3/SO42/Zn2/Al3HClO4+Comparisons:HClO4(aq.)稳定;)稳定;HClO4(l.)无色,不稳定)无色,不稳定HClO4 (aq.)氧化性小;氧化性小;HClO4(浓热)强氧化剂浓热)强氧化剂氧化性氧化性:H2SO4(稀)(稀)H2SO3 HNO3(稀)(稀)Reducing capacity (aq.)Acidity 10-24 soluble in dilute acid eg MnS dissolve in HAc FeS dissolve
10、in 0.3MHCl FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S 用用H2O吸吸 HCl,P2O5干燥干燥 CH3C=SNH2(s)+2H2 O CH2C=OONH4+H2S(4)Identification H2S+Pb(Ac)2 =PbS+2HAc 3-3-2 H2O2Hydrogen peroxide(1)molecular shapeO:sp3不等性杂化不等性杂化 二面角二面角 分子不对称,极性分子,分子不对称,极性分子,OO单键键长单键键长149 pmOOHH95o5296o5293o51unstable 2H2O2 2H2O+O2One of the following factor w
11、ill speed up the reactionhr ;T 153;OH;Heavy metal ions Fe、Mn、Cu稳定剂:微量稳定剂:微量Na2SnO3、Na4P2O7、8-羟基喹啉羟基喹啉 act as both oxidant and reductant,mainly as oxidant OH 1 1.77V OH 1 0.682V O /V 2222Ann 1.229V n=2(2)Properties MnO 4-+H+O2+Mn2+2 H2O H2O2+MnO 4-O2+MnO2+OH+H2O (in neutral/basic solutions)Cl2 =O2+2
12、Cl-+2 H+Fe2+H+H 2O +Fe3+H 2SO 3 H 2O +SO 4 2-+2 H+H 2O 2 +Mn(OH)2 H 2O +MnO 2 Cr(OH)4+OH CrO 4 2-Cr 2O 7 2-+H+CrO 5+5H 2O PbS H 2O+PbSO 4 Very weak acid:K 1=10-12 H2O2 +Ba(OH)2 BaO2+2H2O(3)PreparationsBaO2 +CO2 +H2O BaCO3+H2O2Electrolysis and hydrolysis of saturated NH4HSO4 solutionsAnode:2HSO4-2e=S
13、2O82-+2H+Cathode:2H+2e=H22HSO4-=S2O82+H2S2O82-+H3+O H2S2O8H2S2O8 H2SO5+H2SO4(H2O)H2S2O8 H2SO4+H2O2 (H2O)S2O82-+2 H2O=2 HSO2-+H2O2(H2SO4)In 1850sIn 1908乙基蒽醌法乙基蒽醌法绿色化学绿色化学“零排放零排放”实例实例H2+O2 H2O2(2-乙基蒽醌乙基蒽醌/Pd)In 1945Progress in Novel Catalysts for Hydrogenation of 2-Ethylanthraquinone化学工业与工程,化学工业与工程,20
14、06,23(4):):361-364Progress in Production of Hydrogen PeroxideThrough Anthroquinone(4)Usages:oxidant To bleach wool,silk and paintingsPb(OH)22PbCO 3 +H 2S=PbSPbS+4 H 2O 2 =PbSO 4+4 H 2O3%H2O2 pure H 2O2 can be used as oxidant of rocket fuels3-3-3 Oxides and Oxyacids of sulfur3-3-3-1 SO2、H2SO3 and the
15、ir salts3-3-3-2 SO3、H 2SO4 and their salts 3-3-3-3 硫代硫酸钠硫代硫酸钠 3-3-3-4 过硫酸及其盐过硫酸及其盐3-3-3-5 连硫酸及其盐连硫酸及其盐 3-3-3-1 SO2、H2SO3 and their salts(1)SO2:sulfur dioxidemolecular shape:中心:中心S原子原子 sp2杂化杂化 43Physical property:colorless pungent gas,it is permitted less than 0.02 mg in 1 liter air.It dissolves easi
16、ly in water,40 L/1 L H2O,SO2 +H2O H2SO3Chemical property:mainly act as reducing agent SO42-/SO32-=-0.92 V H 2SO4/H 2SO3=0.17 V H 2SO3/S=0.45 VSO3 2-+H+MnO 4-SO4 2-+Mn 2+SO3 2-+H+Cl 2 (I 2)SO4 2 +Cl-(I-)resources:combustion of raw materials containing sulfur S+O2 =SO2(heat)3 FeS2+8 O2=Fe3O4+6 SO2Desu
17、lfurizeDry methodWet method CaCO 3(s)2+CaO CaSO3 CaCO3 COSO2O2Ca(OH)2(aq.)(Na 2CO 3/NH 3 H 2O)+SO 2+H 2O 3)2(Na 2SO 3/(NH 4)2SO 3)CaSO 3 Ca(HSOCa(OH)2催化还原SO2到单质SSO2+NH3=S+N2+H2O 随着近现代工业的发展,我国随着近现代工业的发展,我国SO2的排放越来越严的排放越来越严重,已超过美国而成为世界第一排放大国。同时,我国重,已超过美国而成为世界第一排放大国。同时,我国每年需要花费巨额外汇进口数十万吨的硫磺来满足生产每年需要花费巨
18、额外汇进口数十万吨的硫磺来满足生产需要。因此,将需要。因此,将SO2还原为还原为S,具有双重的意义。具有工,具有双重的意义。具有工业化前景的是业化前景的是CO还原法和还原法和NH3还原法。其中还原法。其中NH3还原法还原法所用催化剂为浸镍氧化铅,其优点是氨水价格便宜,反所用催化剂为浸镍氧化铅,其优点是氨水价格便宜,反应的最终产物是应的最终产物是S,N2和和H2O,硫的纯度高,且无二次污硫的纯度高,且无二次污染,无疑是绿色的化学工艺。染,无疑是绿色的化学工艺。(2)MHSO3、MSO3:遇H+,放出SO 2受热易分解:2Na 2H SO 3 =Na 2 S 2 O 5+H 2 O 4Na 2 S
19、O 3 =3Na 2 SO 4+Na 2 S遇强还原剂时:2H+SO3 2+2H2S=3S+3H2 O SO2 +2CO=S+2CO 2(t=500,)2SO2+2NaHg=Na 2 SO 2+2Hg 2Na 2 HSO3+Zn=Na 2 S 2 O4+Zn(OH)2氧化:SO4 2Al2O3O3-3-3-2 SO 3、H 2 SO 4 and their salts SO 2(g)+O 2 2SO 3(s,colorless,volatile)V2O5(1)SO 3Molecular shape:properties:strong oxidant Fe/Zn+SO 2=FeSO 3/ZnSO
20、 3 4P+10 SO 3 =P 4O 10+10 SO 2 2KI+SO 3 =K 2 SO 3+I 2Usage:They are mainly used for preparing H 2 SO 4 SO 3(s)+H 2 O=H 2 SO 4 H=-133 KJ/mol (2)H 2 SO 4(市售浓H 2 SO 4 9698%,d=1.84g/cm 3,18M)结构:S:sp 3不等性杂化,与两个O 形成两个键。具双键成分:与另两个O形成两个配键(S0);O的P电子与S的空轨道形成dp键 性质:strong acid Ka 2 =1.0 10-2 H 2 SO 4 H+HSO 4-s
21、trong oxidant Zn+H2 SO4(concentrated)=ZnSO 4+SO2(g)+S(g)+H 2S(g)Cu+H2 SO4(concentrated)=CuSO4+SO2(g)+H2O+S C+H2 SO4(concentrated)=CO 2(g)+SO 2(g)+H2Oabsorbing water dehydration C12H2 2O11 =12 C+11 H2 O C 2 H 5OH =C 2 H 4+H2 O HCOOH=CO+H2 O(3)sulfate Most of sulfates are easy to dissolve in water,whi
22、le some slightly dissolve,such as CaSO4,SrSO4,PbSO4,BaSO4.easy to form hydrateCuSO45H2O胆矾胆矾 bluestoneFeSO47H2O绿矾绿矾 copperasKAl(SO4)2 12H2O明矾明矾 alumCaSO 42H2O 石膏石膏 gesso/gypsumNa2SO410H2O 芒硝芒硝 Glaubers saltZnSO47H2O皓矾皓矾(NH4)2 SO4FeSO46H2O Mohr salt thermal stability8e,A,A sulfates are stable,not deco
23、mposetransitionmetal sulfates MO+SO3(heat)2MO 2M+O 2CuSO4 CuO+SO3 Ag 2 SO4 Ag 2O+SO3(heat)酸式盐 2NaHSO4(s.)Na 2SO 4+SO32NaHSO 4(s.)Na 2 SO 4+H 2 O(high temperature)(4)焦硫酸:x SO3+H 2SO4 (concentrated)H 2SO4x SO3H 2S2O7 (colorless crystal solid)2H 2SO4碱性 Fe2 O3+3 K2 S2 O7 =Fe 2(SO4)3+3 K2 SO 4两性 Al2 O3 3
24、-3-3-3 硫代硫酸钠(1)Preparations:S+O2 SO2(ignite)Na 2 CO 3+SO2 Na 2 SO 3+CO 2Na 2SO3+S Na 2S2O3(boiling)pH 4.6(2)Properties:Decompose with H+:S2O32+2 H+H2S2O3 S+SO2+H2Oreductant:S2O32-+Cl2 =SO4 2-+2 Cl 2S2O32-+I2=S4O6 2-+2 I-ligand:AgBr+2 S2O3 2-=Ag2S2O3(white)AgBr+2S2O3 2-(excess)=Ag(S2 O3)2 3-+Br-3-3-3
25、-4 过硫酸及其盐:Properties Strong oxidantS2 O8 2-/SO4 2-=2.01 VCu+K2 S2 O8 =CuSO4+K2 SO 42 Mn 2+5 S2O8 2-+8 H 2 O=2 MnO 4-+10 SO4 2-+16 H+(catalyzer Ag+)instable 2 H2 S2O8=H2 SO4+2 SO3+O2(heat up)2 K2 S2O8=2 K2 SO4+2 SO3+O2(heat up)3-3-3-5 连硫酸及其盐连二硫酸:H 2 SO 3+MnO 2 =H 2 S 2 O 6 连三硫酸:K 2 S 2 O 3+SO 2 =K 2
26、S 3O 6(s)连四硫酸:2 Na 2 S 2 O 3+I 2 =Na 2 S 4O 6+2 NaI 连五硫酸钠:5Na2S2O3+6 H+=2 Na 2 S 5O 6(s)+6 Na+3 H 2 O H 2 S 5O 6 =H 2 SO 4 +SO 2 +3 SAs4O63-3-4 硫的含氧酸的卤素衍生物硫的含氧酸的卤素衍生物HCl+SO 3(发烟硫酸,发烟硫酸,H 2 SO 4xH 2 O)=HSO 3Cl(氯磺酸,(氯磺酸,colorless liquid)HSO 3Cl+H2O=H 2 SO 4+HCl SO 2+Cl 2=SO 2 Cl 2 氯化硫酰,硫酰氯,氯化硫酰,硫酰氯,su
27、lfuryl chloride,colorless liquid SO 2 Cl 2+H2O=H 2 SO 4+2 HCl SO 2 +PCl 5=POCl 3+SOCl 2 亚硫酰氯,亚硫酰氯,thionyl chloride,colorless liquidSOCl 2+H2O=SO 2 +2 HCl 4 Nitrogen,phosphorus,arsenic,antimony and bismuth4-1 General properties4-2 Nitrogen and its compounds4-3 Phosphorus and its compounds4-4 Arsenic,
28、antimony and bismuth4-1 General properties(1)Outer electron configuration:ns2np3随r,I1、X减小,E1无规律(2)Oxidation numbers-3、3、5-3:N与活泼金属,与活泼金属,Li3N Na3N Mg2N3 为离子型为离子型NH3,PH3,AsH3 为共价型氢化物。为共价型氢化物。3、5大多形成共价型化合物,大多形成共价型化合物,3只与只与F、NO3、SO42才有可能形成离子型化合物,如才有可能形成离子型化合物,如AsF3、SbF3、BiF3、Bi(NO3)3、Sb2(SO4)3另外:另外:NH2
29、NH2(联氨,(联氨,-2),),NH2OH(羟氨,(羟氨,-1),),HN3(叠氨酸,(叠氨酸,-1/3),),N2O(+1),),NO(+2),),NO2(+4)(3)6s2惰性电子对效应惰性电子对效应随随r增大,增大,3 还原性减小,稳定性增大;还原性减小,稳定性增大;5 氧化氧化性增大,稳定性减小,性增大,稳定性减小,NaBiO3(s)强氧化剂。强氧化剂。As3+Sb3+Bi3,还原性逐渐减弱,还原性逐渐减弱As5+Sb5+Bi5,氧化性逐渐增强,氧化性逐渐增强5 NaBiO3+2 Mn2+14 H+=5 Bi3+3 Na+3 MnO4-+7 H2OBi3+Xe4f14 5d10 6s
30、2Bi(V)Xe4f14 5d10 6s0(4)随)随r增大增大,非金属向金属完整过渡非金属向金属完整过渡 HNO3 强酸强酸H3PO4中强酸,中强酸,Ka1=103,108 ,1013H3AsO4 中强酸,中强酸,Ka1=103 ,107 ,1012Sb(OH)3 两性两性Bi(OH)3弱碱弱碱(5)作中心体时,)作中心体时,N的配位数为的配位数为4,例,例NH4+;其;其余为余为6,例例PCl6 N2P4(6)存在形式存在形式4-2 Nitrogen and its compounds氮元素的循环4-2-1 N2 Preparations Liquefy air Decompose of
31、nitrogen salts,heatNH4Cl+NaNO2=NH4NO2 =N2+H2O(NH4)Cr2O7(s)=N2+Cr2O5 +4 H2O 2 NH3+3 CuO=N2+3 Cu+3 H2OBa(N3)2 =Ba+3 N22 AgN3 =2 Ag+3 N2(叠氮化银,白色固体,不溶于水,遇热分解叠氮化银,白色固体,不溶于水,遇热分解)Applications 用作保护气(有机合成反应,金属有机)致冷剂:液氮mp.=-210,bp.=-198制NH3、HNO3、NH4+、炸药 Properties inactiveThere are only several metals that c
32、an react directly with dinitrogen in air.For example,Li、Mg、Ca、Sr、BaLi+N2 Li3N(RT)(其余)(其余A元素不能直接得)元素不能直接得)Li3N+H2O Li(OH)+NH34 Mg+3 N2=2 Mg2N3(heat)Mg2N3 +H2O Mg(OH)2+NH32 B+N2=2 BN(原子晶体,结构与石墨相同原子晶体,结构与石墨相同)Al+N2 Si+N2 Si3N4(T 1473)*过渡金属氮化物过渡金属氮化物TiN VN ZrN NbN TaN 高熔点,高硬度,高熔点,高硬度,做工程材料、功能材料做工程材料、功能材
33、料 4-2-2 NH3/NH4+saltsAmmoniaPreparations2 NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+2NH3+2 H2O(heat)(NH4)2SO4(s)+CaO(s)=CaSO4+2 NH3+H2O(heat)N2 +3 H2=2 NH3 Harber 和和Mittasch 等开发成功等开发成功Fe catalyst(Fe3O4),),high temperature/high pressure)工业合成氨的单程转化率工业合成氨的单程转化率,即氨的合成率只有即氨的合成率只有15%25%,大部分气体需循环大部分气体需循环,增加了动力消耗。要提高催化剂增加了动力消耗。要
34、提高催化剂的活性和单程转化率的活性和单程转化率,就必须降低反应温度。就必须降低反应温度。氨合成氨合成催化剂研究的总发展趋势就是开发低温催化剂研究的总发展趋势就是开发低温高活性的新型催化剂高活性的新型催化剂,降低合成氨反应温度降低合成氨反应温度,提高提高氨的平衡转化率和单程转化率氨的平衡转化率和单程转化率。PropertiesColorless,pungent gas,easily dissolves in water.Weak base,Kb=1.8105氨水,氨水,NH3+H2 O NH4+OH(0.1M;1.34%)与酸反应,得相应铵盐:均易溶,热不稳定与酸反应,得相应铵盐:均易溶,热不稳
35、定铵盐的热分解铵盐的热分解 NH3+酸酸(heat)NH4Cl=NH3+HCl(NH4)2SO4 =2 NH3+H2 SO4(NH4)2CO3=2 NH3+CO2 +H2 ONH4NO3=N2O(g)+2 H2O NH4NO3=N2+O2 +H2O(high temperature)NH4NO2=N2(g)+2 H2 O(NH4)2Cr2O7=N2 +Cr2 O3+4 H2O2 NH4ClO4 =N2+Cl2+2 O2+4 H2ORemove small amount of NH4+in a solution by adding acid:NH4+HNO3+HCl=N2 or N2 O (he
36、at)Identification of NH4+by Nessler reagent:K2 HgI4 /KOHNH4+2HgI42-+4OH-=Hg2ONH2I(红棕色)+7I-+3H2Oas a ligand providing electron pair:Ag(NH3)2+、Cu(NH3)42+CaCl2 (s)+8 NH3=CaCl2 8NH3 as a reductant in Redox reactions:4 NH3+5 O2 =4 NO+6 H2 O(Pt,500)4 NH3+3 O2(pure)=6 H2 O+2 N22 NH3+3 CuO=3 Cu+N2 +3 H2 O(h
37、eat)2 NH3+3 PbO=3 Pb+N2 +3 H2 O(heat)NH3+Cl2=N2+HCl2 NH3+6 Cl2(excess)=2 NCl3+6 HClWhen it encounters strong reductants,NH3 acts as oxidizing agent.2 NH3(l)+2 Na=2 NaNH2 +H22 NH3(l)+3 Mg=Mg3N2 +3 H2A、Ca、Sr、Ba的液氨溶液具强还原性,蒸干得金属;且导电,如Na(NH3)x+ApplicationsNH3易蒸发,rHm大,是致冷剂(臭味)制HNO3制氮肥,(NH4)2 SO4、(NH4)3PO4
38、制塑料、医药品、涂料 4-2-3 联氨(肼)、羟胺、叠氮酸(氢氮酸)联氨(肼)、羟胺、叠氮酸(氢氮酸)4-2-4 HNO3 /nitrateONOO120o.125pm4314 6413S2P33个个sp2pNsp2杂化 4-2-4 HNO3 /nitrate4-2-4-1 HNO3Preparations 催化氧化法4 NH3+5 O2 4 NO+6 H2 O2 NO+O2 =2 NO23 NO2 +H2 O =HNO3+NO NaNO3+H2 SO4=NaHSO4+HNO3 (393-423K)Pt773 k structure:N 2s22p3 NO3-的对称结构比HNO3稳定,氧化性N
39、O3-浓HNO3 稀HNO3 溶有NO2,NO2起传递电子的作用机理:NO2 +e-=NO2 NO2 +H+=HNO2 HNO3+HNO2 =H2 O+2 NO2 HNO3通过NO2获得还原剂的电子王水:V HNO3:V HCl =1:3 氧化+配位Au+HNO3+4 HCl =HAuCl4+NO+2 H2 O3 Pt+4 HNO3+8 HCl=3 H2 PtCl6 +4 NO+8 H2 O (4)用途 制炸药、染料、人造纤维、塑料、底片、硝化4-2-4-2 Nitrate Easy dissolve in water Easy to decompose when heatedFor acti
40、ve metal nitrate:NaNO3=NaNO2 +1/2 O2Mg Cu:Mg(NO3)2 =MgO+2NO2 +1/2 O2 Mn(NO3)2 =MnO2 +2 NOFor metals more inactive than Cu:AgNO3=Ag+NO2 +1/2 O2 Hg(NO3)=2 HgO+2 NO2 2 HgO=2 Hg+1/2 O2NO3-的鉴定:棕色环NO3-+3 Fe2+4 H+=3 Fe3+NO+2 H2OFe2+NO =Fe(NO)2+4-2-5 HNO2 nitrous acid/nitrite4-2-5-1 HNO22HNO2 N2O3+H2O NO2(g
41、)+NO(g)+H2O 蓝蓝棕棕HNO2不稳定,易分解不稳定,易分解(1)Preparation:NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+HNO2 (blue)(2)PropertiesWeak acid,Ka=104,quite unstable which can only exist in very dilute solution.It is easy to decompose.mainly as an oxidant2 NO2 +2 I+4 H+=2 NO+I2 +2 H2 O(氧化性强)5NO2 +2MnO4+6H+=5NO3+2Mn2+3H2 O(还原性弱)NO2-as a ligandCo
42、(NO2)3(NH3)3 三亚硝酸根三亚硝酸根三氨合钴(三氨合钴()4-2-5-2 Nitrite colorless solids which easily dissolve in water poisonous,carcinogen 4-2-6 Treatments of NOX(NO、NO2 as principal components)4 NH3+6 NO=5N2+6 H2 O(CuO-Cr2O3)8 NH3+6 NO2 =7 N2 +12 H2 O 4-3-1 Elements4-3-1-1 PropertiesP4,white phosphor,whose radius is l
43、arger than nitrogen,has little tendency to form bond.Nonpolarity,Activ:unstable,self-ignite,preserve in water;Poisonous,cause death(be fatal at 0.1g)4-3 Phosphorus and its compoundsP P的氧化物的氧化物P原子O原子P4O6 P4正四面体的6个P-P键打开,各结合1个O,形成6个P-O-P键(桥氧)P4O10在P4O6基础上,每个P原子结合1个O原子P4+3 O2=P4O6 P4O6+2O2=P4O10 P4O6+6
44、 H2O(cold)=H3PO3 P4O6+6 H2O(hot)=3 H3PO4+PH3P4O10+H2O=(HPO3)n mixturesP4O10+6 H2 O=4 H3PO4(HNO3,heat)2P+3Cl2=2PCl3 PCl3+Cl2=PCl5PCl5+4 H2O=H3PO4+5 HClPCl5+H2O(insufficient)=POCl3+2 HClP+5HNO3=H3PO4+5 NO2(g)+H2O2P+5H2SO4=2H3PO4+5SO2(g)+2H2O4P+3 KOH+3 H2O=PH3(g)+3 KH2PO2P4O6化学性质化学性质 343264PHOP3H O6H O
45、P (2)热水中歧化热水中歧化-磷酸和膦磷酸和膦P4O6+6H2O(冷)(冷)=4H3PO3(1)冷水中生成冷水中生成H3PO3(亚磷酸)(亚磷酸)PO4HOPHHPO OP43O2H724O2H3O2H104222 偏磷酸偏磷酸 焦磷酸焦磷酸 正磷酸正磷酸脱水性,可使脱水性,可使H2SO4,HNO3脱水:脱水:P4O10+6H2SO4=6SO3+4H3PO4 P4O10+12HNO3=6N2O5+4HPO3P4O10是实验室常用的干燥剂是实验室常用的干燥剂P4O10有很强的有很强的吸水性吸水性,是效率很高的优良干燥剂,与,是效率很高的优良干燥剂,与水反应,可形成:水反应,可形成:P4O10化
46、学性质化学性质 4-3-1-2 Preparations2 Ca(PO4)2+6 SiO2+10 C=6 CaSiO3+P4+10 CO(1173-1713K,电弧炉中熔烧还原),电弧炉中熔烧还原)SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3 It is an exothermic reaction.Add SiO2 to decrease reaction temperature.4-3-1-3 UsagesMake fire bomb and fog bomb4P+5O2=2P2O5,P2O5+H2O fogPrepare H3PO44-3-2 Phosphoric acid/Phosphates4-3
47、-2-1 Phosphoric acid(1)PreparationsP+5 HNO3(concentrated)=H3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4O10+6 H2O=4 H3PO4(HNO3,heat up)In industryCa2(PO4)3+3 H2SO4=3 CaSO4+2 H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2 H2SO4+4 H2O=Ca(H2PO4)2+2 CaSO42 H2O(2)Structures等电子体:等电子体:ClO4、SO42、PO43、SiO44 50e-(3)properties中强酸,三元酸中强酸,三元酸 Ka=103,108 ,1013无氧化性,无挥发性(高沸
48、点)无氧化性,无挥发性(高沸点)PO43配位体配位体Fe3+2 PO43+3 H+=H3 Fe(PO4)2 or H Fe(HPO4)2 溶解性 水解性 稳定性正盐 A、铵盐易溶,其余难溶(Li除外)pH 12 稳定磷酸氢盐 A、铵盐易溶,其余难溶(Li除外)pH 9-10 加热得焦、偏磷酸磷酸二氢盐 均易溶 pH 4-5 加热得焦、偏磷酸2、磷酸盐 4-3-2-3 Identification of PO433Ag+PO43=Ag3PO4(yellow)Ag3PO4 +HNO3 dissolveMg2+NH4+PO43=MgNH4PO4(white)3 NH4+12 MoO42+24 H+P
49、O43=(NH4)3PO4+12 MoO3(yellow)+12 H2O4-3-3 P()的其它含氧酸的其它含氧酸焦磷酸:焦磷酸:2 H3PO4 H2O H4P2O7 三磷酸:三磷酸:3 H3PO4 2 H2O H5P3O10(NaPO3)n 格式盐:处理锅炉用水格式盐:处理锅炉用水核糖核酸:核糖核酸:RNA脱氧核糖核酸:脱氧核糖核酸:DNA腺苷三磷酸:腺苷三磷酸:ATP(adenosine triphosphate)腺苷二磷酸:腺苷二磷酸:ADP(adenosine diphosphate)Adenine:腺嘌呤腺嘌呤H3PO4磷酸磷酸H3PO2次磷酸H3PO3亚磷酸与氮氧物种不同,四面体方
50、式成键是磷氧物种的一个特点与氮氧物种不同,四面体方式成键是磷氧物种的一个特点 4-3-4 Phosphorous acid/Hypo-phosphoric acid 亚磷酸亚磷酸 次磷酸次磷酸 结构结构 H3PO3 H3PO2 性质性质 无色固体,易溶无色固体,易溶 无色固体,易潮解,有毒无色固体,易潮解,有毒 二元酸二元酸 Ka=10-2,10-7 一元酸一元酸 Ka=10-2 还原剂还原剂 强还原剂强还原剂 4 H3PO3=3 H3PO4+PH3 HPO32-/H2PO2=-1.565V HPO32-+2 Ag+H2O H2O+H2PO2-+Ni2+=2 Ag+PO43-+3 H+=HPO