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1 2 第一部分高考专题突破 专题一阅读理解(1) 题型一细节理解题(3) 技法一定位比对判细节/3 技法二同义互释定选项/4 技法三整合推算得答案/4技法四去伪存真辨是非/4 题型二推理判断题(6) 技法一逻辑关联得结论/6技法二忠于措辞定态度/7 技法三文体特点看意图/7技法四写作思路辨结构/8 技法五语言特色推出处/8 题型三主旨大意题(11) 类型一文章大意题/11类型二段落大意题/12 类型三标题归纳题/12 题型四词义猜测题(14) 技法一语境分析猜词义/15技法二就近原则判指代/15 技法三意义吻合定句意/16 专题二七选五(18) 题型一段首题(21) 题型二段中题(22) 题型三段尾题(23) 专题三完形填空(24) 技法一利用逻辑关系解题/29技法二利用语境暗示分析法解题/29 技法三利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题/29技法四利用生活常识和文化背景解 题/29技法五利用对应成分分析法解题/29 专题四语法填空(33) 题型一有提示词类(36) 第一类提示词为动词(36) 第二类提示词为名词和代词(44) 第三类提示词为形容词或副词(47) 题型二无提示词类(50) 3 第一类词法类(50) 第二类句法类(55) 专题五短文改错(61) 命题点 1依据词法设题/64命题点 2依据句法设题/65 命题点 3依据语篇逻辑关系设题/65 专题六书面表达(67) 技法一“四定”审题与“三段”谋篇(68) 技法二“五大”技巧“三种”策略润色习作(69) 第二部分高考题型训练 题型一阅读理解(80) 细节理解题/80二、推理判断题/93 主旨大意题/107四、词句猜测题/123 题型二七选五(137) 题型三完形填空(144) 题型四语法填空(164) 题型五短文改错(177) 题型六书面表达(184) 第三部分基础练＋规范练 基础练(188) 时态和语态(188) 非谓语动词(190) 形容词和副词(191) 代词和介词(193) 名词和冠词(195) 情态动词和虚拟语气(196) 并列句和状语从句(198) 定语从句和名词性从句(200) 规范练(201) 4 专题一阅读理解 (2019·全国卷 Ⅰ·阅读理解 B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue，N.Y.，today is speech day，and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8yearold is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes，he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should.should.” Chris trips on the “ld， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. A son of immigrants，Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student， ”Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say， ‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’ ” Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves. “Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities， ” Whaley says， “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.” 5 1．What made Chris nervous? A．Telling a story.B．Making a speech. C．Taking a test.D．Answering a question. 2．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Improper pauses.B．Bad manners. C．Spelling mistakes.D．Silly jokes. 3．We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to ______. A．help students see their own strengths B．assess students’ public speaking skills C．prepare students for their future jobs D．inspire students’ love for politics 4．Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A．Humorous.B．Ambitious. C．Caring.D．Demanding. [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。 文章讲述了小学教师 Whaley 通过组织学生演讲来帮助 学生增强自信的教学实践。 1．B细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词 nervous 可定位到第二段第一句，然后应到前 文中找使他紧张的因素。根据第一段中的“.today is speech day，and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.”和“.he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”可知，今天 是演讲日，现在轮到了 Chris，虽然他看起来像那种喜欢在公共场合讲话的孩子，但是他很紧 张。由此可知，演讲使 Chris 紧张。 2．A词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“you should.should.”以及“.Vote for.me.”这样的 语句特点可知，Chris 的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与 画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语 except for 的语意相呼应。注意： 高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键，例如，如果能够注意到第二段第三句中的 trips 一词在 此语境中的特殊意义(意为“绊倒”)则有助于快速解答此题。 3．A推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.” 可知，Whaley 创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，他还希望学 生学会自夸。A 项意为“帮助学生看到自己的长处”，与原文意思相符。 6 4．C推理判断题。文章介绍了 Whaley 老师通过创办“总统竞选项目”，组织学生演 讲来帮助学生增强自信。根据第二段中的“His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him， whispering support.”和“.Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.”等细节也可看出 Whaley 老师是一个关心学生的老师。 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解 D) During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes， breaking rules and playing jokes on others， among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ playswellwithothers qualitiesstrengthen schoolyard friendships ， jump start interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed ， Dr.Prinstein ’ s studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.” In one study， Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents， scoring the least liked，the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究)．“We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.” Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing， kindness， openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In analyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes， but it is also responsible for those outcomes， too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody 7 gain an advantage， ” he said. 5．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A．Unkind.B．Lonely. C．Generous.D．Cool. 6．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The classification of the popular. B．The characteristics of adolescents. C．The importance of interpersonal skills. D．The causes of dishonorable behavior. 7．What did Dr.Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? A．They appeared to be aggressive. B．They tended to be more adaptable. C．They enjoyed the highest status. D．They performed well academically. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Be Nice－You Won’t Finish Last B．The Higher the Status，the Better C．Be the Best－You Can Make It D．More SelfControl，LessAggressiveness [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的 成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。 该语篇视角独特，积极倡导和 谐的人际关系和人文情怀。 5．C推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词 early years of elementary school 可定位到第一 段第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes.” ， 根据句意和 sharing 一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选 C 项。注意 不要受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话的影响而错选A项， 因为那是作者青少年时期的情况。 6．A段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号)，可暂时断定 第二句是本段的主旨句。 而第三句和第四句分别用 The likables’． 和 Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence.引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人 喜欢型和追求地位型。 同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词 sort.into.(把……分成……)与 A 8 项中的 classification 相呼应，所以 A 项可以概括本段大意。 7．B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的“It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment”可知，Dr.Prinstein 的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。 B 项中的 adaptable 与第四段中的 adjustment 相呼应。 8．A标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关，因此 A 项作为标题最合适。注意 A 项中的 be nice 与 likability，popularity，kindness 等词相呼应。 Be NiceYou Won’t Finish Last 从意义上类似于汉语的“与人为善，于己为善”。这里的 finish 本义是“获得(名次)；排名”。 [考题分布] 文体·题型 年份 卷别 文体题型 记叙文议论文应用文说明文 细节理 解题 推理判断 题 主旨大意 题 词义猜 测题 2019 全国 卷Ⅰ 10128511 全国 卷Ⅱ 10128421 全国 卷Ⅲ 01126711 2018 全国 卷Ⅰ 00137521 全国 卷Ⅱ 01129321 全国01219321 9 卷Ⅲ 2017 全国 卷Ⅰ 20117611 全国 卷Ⅱ 10125622 全国 卷Ⅲ 10126621 [命题分析] 高考英语阅读理解题所选材料体裁多样、语言地道、内容丰富、贴近生活、有很强的时 代气息。阅读理解文章具有英语语言独有的文化特征，试题信息量大，对考生阅读速度和快 速处理信息的能力要求更高。阅读理解的体裁以说明文、记叙文、应用文为主，议论文偶有 考查，题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解 题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难，且在题型设置上，推理判断题的难度会适当加大。 题型一细节理解题 [细节理解题的设问方式]____________ 1．特殊疑问句形式。以 when，where，what，which，who，how much/many 等疑问词引 出的问题。 2．判断是非形式。含有 TRUE/FALSE，NOT true 或 EXCEPT 等的判断是非的问题。此 时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not，never 等。 3．以“According to.”开头的提问形式。 4．填空形式。如 The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ______． [细节理解题的选项特征]____________ 正确选项特征干扰选项特征 10 1.同义替换： 对原文句子中的关键词进 行同义替换。 2.语言简化： 把原文中的复杂语言现象 进行简化。 3.正话反说： 把原文中的意思反过来表 达而成为正确选项。 1.扩缩范围：与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖。 2.无中生有：明显与文章内容不符或没有提及。 3.偷梁换柱：符合常识，但不是文章内容。 4.张冠李戴：是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要 点。 5.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。 [细节理解题的解题技法]____________ 定位比对判细节 【典例示范】 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解 B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N．Y., today is speech day, and right now it’ s Chris Palaez’ s turn. The 8yearold is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he’ s nervous.“I’ m here to tell you today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the “ld， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“.Vote for.me.” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 24．What made Chris nervous? A．Telling a story.B．Making a speech. C．Taking a test.D．Answering a question. 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干中的 Chris 可以回原文找到 Chris 都是在哪里出现的， 然后根据题干中的 nervous 找到第二段的第一句。很明显， “But he’s nervous.”中的“he”就 是指代的前文中的 Chris。 综合理解“today is speech day, and right now it’ s Chris Palaez’ s turn” 和“But he’s nervous.”两句可得出答案。 【答案】B ►技法归纳 广告、演出信息、航班时间表等应用文的阅读，不必阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位”法。 先看题目，从题干中提取关键信息，采用速读技巧快速定位，仔细比对选项与文中细节，确 11 定答案。 同义互释定选项 【典例示范】 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解 A) Washington, D．C.Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D．C. Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D．C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear! 21．Which tour do you need to book in advance? A．Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D．C. B．Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C．Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D．C. D．Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 【解析】 由“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear！ ” 可知，选择第一条旅行路线需要提前预订，此题考查 reserve 与 book in advance 同义词互释。 【答案】A ►技法归纳 细节理解题答案选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话，而是使用与文中词语同义或近义的 词语来表达。此类题目相对较难，是容易失分的题型。需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行 语义上的转换，将确定的文章信息进行加工处理，然后进行进一步的辨别。 整合推算得答案 【典例示范】 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解 A) Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 12 You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer. Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. 22．What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program? A．15～18.B．15～24. C．15～29.D．16～17. 【解析】数字细节理解题。根据文中“Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知答案。此题计算不难，但考生忽略 的是年龄的范围，没注意到“but not turning 18 before December 31 this year”的范围限定。 【答案】D ►技法归纳 从文章中找到包含所需信息的段落，迅速确定关键词，然后重点理解。对于离散的细节 理解或数字运算题，需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据，然后进行分析整合。 去伪存真辨是非 【典例示范】 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解 C) In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A．It’ll be environmentfriendly. B．It’ll reach consumers soon. C．It’ll be made of plastics. D．It’ll help speed up typing. 【解析】事实细节题。根据最后一句“the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to 13 market in the near future.”可知，实现智能键盘商业化很容易，并且其造价并不昂贵，因此研 发团队希望在不久的将来能将其投放市场。 【答案】B ►技法归纳 解答此类细节理解题，首先根据题干中的关键信息和四个选项的内容速览文章，查找与 之相关的原文信息句，然后一一对比，找出完全与文章内容相符的选项，并最终确定答案。 Festival of Light, Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire Longleat is celebrating its 50th anniversary this year. Giant lanterns take the shapes of some of the park’s animals, and thereare also lots of characters in Beatrix Potter’s books, such as Peter Rabbit, Jemima PuddleDuck, Squirrel Nutkin, to markthe 150th anniversary of the author’ s birth. There is also a 20metrehigh birthday cake. ·￡27.85，adult/￡ 20.65, child/underthrees,free. ·15 Dec. to 2 Jan. Festival of Light, Enchanted Park, Gateshead Enchanted Park is an interactive walk through Saltwell Park,just south of the town centre, along a trail(小径) of light with performances and sculptures. The story being told is a Midwinter Night’s Tale, inspired by the 400th anniversary of WilliamShakespeare’s death. Visitors can join stories and songs withSanta, and attend decorating workshops. ·￡8, adult/￡2, child/underfours, free. ·11－27 Dec. Christmas Glow, RHS Garden Wisley, Surrey Thegarden is glowing with giant lighted flowers. Some of the trees are brilliant, too. The glasshouse is decorated like a gingerbread house,and displays(陈列)seasonal plants. There are lanterns around the lake. The cafe serves hot chocolate and apple juice. ·￡9.90, adult/￡ 3.60, child. ·20 Dec. to 2 Jan. Christmas at Kew Gardens, London 14 Kew is a special placeto visit at any time of the day oryear, but the festive light show gives it a magical twist, as themilelong trail through the garden is decorated with 60, 000 lights. Some of the garden’s oldest and tallest trees are alsobeautifully lit along the way. ·￡16, adult/￡10, child/￡48, family/underfours, free. ·24 Dec. to 2 Jan. [语篇解读]本文介绍了英国四个公园各自的特色。 1．What can people do in Enchanted Park? A．Visit Shakespeare’s house. B．Listen to a wonderful tale. C．Enjoy hot chocolate and apple juice. D．Play the part of Santa. 解析细节理解题。根据“Festival of Light, Enchanted Park, Gateshead”部分中的“The story being told is a Midwinter Night’s Tale”可知， 人们在“Enchanted Park”可以听故事。 故选 B 项。 答案B 2．Which place will attract children who are fond of fictional animal characters? A．Longleat Safari Park.B．Enchanted Park. C．RHS Garden Wisley.D．Kew Gardens. 解析细节理解题。 根据“Festival of Light，Longleat Safari Park，Wiltshire”部分中的 “Giant lanterns take the shapes of some of the park’s animals ， andthere are also lots of characters in Beatrix Potter’s books, such as Peter Rabbit”可知，在 Longleat Safari Park 中，巨 型
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