1、农业昆虫学农业昆虫学 -蔬菜害虫蔬菜害虫概述概述v中国主要蔬菜种类简介中国主要蔬菜种类简介v中国主要蔬菜害虫种类简介中国主要蔬菜害虫种类简介v蔬菜地生态系统的特点蔬菜地生态系统的特点v蔬菜害虫的发生特点及对防治的要求蔬菜害虫的发生特点及对防治的要求Chinese Cabbage Group Flowering Chinese Cabbage菜心 Pak-choi白菜、油菜 Chinese Cabbage etc.Family:CruciferaeGenus:Brassica芸薹属Group 2 Cole Crop-甘蓝类 Chinese kale-芥蓝芥蓝 Cauliflower-花椰花椰菜菜
2、 Broccoli-绿菜花绿菜花 Cabbage-甘蓝甘蓝Family:CruciferaeGenus:BrassicaGreen Vegetables Water spinach-空心空心菜菜 Lettuce-生菜生菜 Celery-芹菜芹菜 Family:Convolvulaceae 旋花科Compositae菊科 Chenopdiaceae藜科 Gourds葫芦类葫芦类 Chieh-qua-节瓜 Wax gourd（winter melon)-冬瓜 Cucumber Sponge gourd-丝瓜 Pumpkin,etc.Family:Cucumbitaceae-葫芦科葫芦科 Veget
3、able legumes-豆类豆类 Asparagus bean Kidney bean-芸豆芸豆 Vegetable pea-豌豌豆豆 Vegetable soybean毛豆毛豆Family:Laguminosae-豆科 Solanaceous Fruits-茄茄果类果类 Tomato Egg plant Pepper,etc.Family:Solanaceous Root Vegetable Radish-萝卜 Carrot-胡萝卜 Table beet.樱桃萝卜Family:Cruciferae Umbelliferae Tuber Crops Taro-芋头 Yam-山药 Yam be
4、an Ginger-姜 Potato,etc.Family:Araceae-天南星科Dioscoreaceae-薯蓣科 Zingiberceae姜科 Bulb Crops Onion Chinese chive-韭菜 Garlic-大蒜 Scallion-葱,etc.Family:Liliaceae Aquatic Vegetables Watercress西洋芹西洋芹 lotus root-莲藕莲藕 Chinese arrowhead-慈慈姑姑 Water bamboo-茭白茭白,etc.Family:Cruciferae Nymphaeaceae睡莲科 Alismatacea-泽泻科（慈姑
5、）Gramineae-禾本科十字花科蔬菜害虫十字花科蔬菜害虫鳞翅目鳞翅目 小菜蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫菜青虫 斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾、菜螟菜螟 同翅目同翅目 甘蓝蚜、萝卜蚜甘蓝蚜、萝卜蚜 桃蚜桃蚜 鞘翅目鞘翅目 黄条曲跳甲黄条曲跳甲 大、小猿叶甲大、小猿叶甲 茄、瓜、豆类蔬菜害虫茄、瓜、豆类蔬菜害虫鳞翅目鳞翅目 棉铃虫、烟青虫、玉米穗蛾棉铃虫、烟青虫、玉米穗蛾 小地老虎、豇豆荚螟、小地老虎、豇豆荚螟、豆野螟豆野螟粉虱类粉虱类 烟粉虱（烟粉虱（A型、型、B型）型）温室白粉虱、温室白粉虱、纹翅粉虱纹翅粉虱 螨类螨类 朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨、朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨、二斑叶螨、侧
6、多食跗线螨二斑叶螨、侧多食跗线螨其它其它 节瓜蓟马、瓜蚜、美洲斑潜蝇、节瓜蓟马、瓜蚜、美洲斑潜蝇、黄守瓜、黑守瓜黄守瓜、黑守瓜害虫种类Plutella xylostella(L.)Cabbage ButterflyCabbage ButterflyLarva:Fully-grown larva is about 30 mm long,velvety green with a faint yellow dorsal strip,and a row of yellow spots along each side in line with the spiracles.1.It is a totall
7、y polyphagous pest and feed on a very wide range of crops including vegetables,cotton,rice,tomato and tobacco.Other host plants include Citrus,cacao,sweet potato,rubber legumes,sorghum,maize etc.2.Distribution:It mainly distributes in South and Eastern Old World tropics,including Pakistan,India,Bang
8、ladesh,Sri Lanka,China,Korea,Japan,Thailand,Vietnam,Philippines,Indonesia,Austral-Asia,Pacific islands,Hawaii and Fiji.3.Damage:This caterpillar is basically a leaf-eater.Heavy infestations can seriously defoliate the crops,especially the young plants.Newly hatched larvae are gregarious and remain t
9、ogether and skeletonize the leaf on which they feed.Later they disperse and become more solitary and nocturnal in habits.One generation can be completed in as little as 24-30 days,and in the humid tropics there may be 8 generations annually.4.Identification:Adult:The adults are pale brownish moth,wi
10、th the yellow-brown forewing having a distinctive pale band medially:wingspan is 30-40 mm.Eggs:Eggs are spherical(0.3 mm)in diameter,and laid on the undersides of leaves in batches of 100-300 and covered with yellow colored hair-scales.Each female lays about 100-2000 eggs,hatching requires 2-6 days.
11、Larvae:The newly hatched larvae are pale green at first,and with a distinct black band on the first abdominal segment.Later they become brown with dark marking,with yellow lateral and dorsal stripes.The lateral yellow strip is bordered dorsally with a series of semi-lunar marks.Pupa:Pupation takes p
12、lace in the soil in an earthen cell,just beneath the surface,The pupa is dark red,15-20 mm long.斜纹夜蛾斜纹夜蛾 AdultEggsLarvae1.It attacks more than 170 different species of host plants including cabbage,radish,lettuce,eggplant,pepper,tomatoes,potatoes,beans gourds,rice,cotton,sugar beet,tobacco,etc.2.Dis
13、tribution:Africa,Southeast Asia,Central and South Europe,Middle East,Australia,Southern USA,India,Southern China,Philippines,Indonesia,and Canada.3.Damage:Young larvae eat foliage within webs underside of the leaves.The caterpillars are gregarious,moving in swarms,and destroying the young leaves and
14、 stems of the host plants.Young seedlings can be completely destroyed,but older plants often recover after an attack and may be still vigorously.Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the leaves,but later as they grow they eat the entire lamina.In South China there are usually eight generations.4
15、.Identification:Adult:The adult is a small brown moth of wingspan up to 25 mm,and the fore wing is grayish-brown with two yellow spots near the center.The hind wing is a translucent white with narrow brown borders,There are rather nondescript in appearance and not easy to recognize.Eggs:Eggs are lai
16、d on the leaves of the host plants,in clusters,several layers thick,and covered with hairs from the female abdomen.Each cluster contains 50-300 eggs,one female can lay 300-900 eggs(up to 1700).Eggs usually hatch after 2-4 days.Larvae:The larvae are very gregarious,at first green,later becoming varia
17、ble green or brown usually with a lateral strip.Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the leaves,but as they grow they eat the entire lamina.Pupation takes place in the soil and lasts about 6 days.甜菜夜蛾甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Beet Armyworm AdultEggsLarvae粉纹夜蛾粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia niCabbage looperEggsLar
18、vae 1.Cabbage aphid and turnip aphid mainly feed on cruciferae.Cabbage aphid prefers cabbage and other Brassica spp but turnip aphid likes Chinese cabbage and radish better.Green peach aphid is truly a polyphagous species;about 875 plants in 35 different families are recorded as its hosts.The main h
19、ost is peach,the alternative hosts include potato,tomato,tobacco,beet,cereals and vegetables.All three species of aphids occur commonly and mixed on cruciferous vegetables in China.2.DistributionCabbage aphid:The aphid distributes throughout the world in temperate and subtropical climates.In China i
20、t occurs nearly all parts of the country besides Tibet.Turnip aphid:Mostly in temperate and subtropics regions.In China it is dominate species in Xinjiang autonomic distract.Green aphid:A completely cosmopolitan species with a worldwide distribution.All species of the aphids occur year around in Sou
21、th China.No eggs are found in the host plants during the winter.All stages of the pests can be found on the vegetable crops in winter season.They reproduce by parthenogenesis.The population increases very rapidly under favorite conditions.3.Damage:Cabbage aphid:The aphid attacks many crucifers,espec
22、ially cabbage,cauliflower.It is known to transmit a number of virus diseases in the host plants.Nymphs and adults suck plant sap,causing distortion,stunting.curling,wilting and often lead to death of these host plants when severely attack happened.4.IdentificationTurnip Aphid:Turnip AphidGreen Peach
23、 AphidCabbage AphidStripped Flea Beetles1.Host:The two species are common pests on vegetable crops,especially on Brassicous.In South China,these pests mainly attack radish and cabbages.2.Damage:Both the larvae and the adults feed on the foliage of the host plants.When heavily damage almost the whole
24、 foliage is eaten and just the veins are left.3.Life history:In South China,Colaphellus bowringi can complete 5-6 generations per year,while Phaedon brassicae occurs 5 generations.Usually the two species are mixed occurrence in a same vegetable plantation.Adult female of Colaphellus bowringi lay egg
25、s in cluster with several to 20 individuals,but eggs of Phaedon brassicae are laid separately on the surface of the host plants.Both the larvae of the two species undergo 4 instars.4.IdentificationColaphellus bowringi(Cabbage leaf beetle)(1)AdultShape:Elliptical Size:4.7 mm longColor:Blue to blackPu
26、nctures on the elytra:Irregulars arrangementScutum:Triangular(2)LarvaSize:7.5 mm longColor:head is black,thorax and abdomen are grayish yellowSpots:A pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment of thorax and abdomenSize:6.0 mm long Phaedon brassicae(Daikon leaf beetle)(1)AdultShape:Oval Size:3.5 mm l
27、ongColor:Blue to greenPunctures on the elytra:Arrange in vertical lines.Scutum:Oval(2)LarvaSize:6.0 mm long Color:head is black,thorax and abdomen are grayish yellow Spots:Four pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment beside the prothorax and the last segment of abdomen小猿叶甲小猿叶甲Phaedon brassicaeAdu
28、ltDamageAdultLarvae大猿叶甲大猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringiAdultAdultAdult朱砂叶螨朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnarinus1.Host:It damages a very wide range of wild and cultivated plants including eggplant and gourds.Cotton is its main host plant 2.Distribution:Africa,Middle East,Pakistan,India,Sri Lanka,Southeast Asia,Australi
29、a,USA,Japan,China,Central and South America.3.Damage:It causes clusters of yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf especially between the main veins near the leaf stalk.Later the affected areas spread,the leaf reddens and finally withers and is shed.Red or greenish mites just visible to the unaid
30、ed eye can be seen on the underside of the leaf.About 15-18 generations occur per year in South China.4.IdentificationAdult:The adult females are oval,red or greenish,and 0.4-0.5 mm long.The males are slightly smaller.Fine strands of silk are spun by the adults and form an open web above the leaf su
31、rface.Egg:The eggs are spherical,whitish,about 0.1 mm on diameter.They are laid singly on the underside of leaves Larva:The larva is six-legged,pinkish,and slightly larger than the egg.They are four pairs of legs and are greenish or reddish.DamageEggs二斑叶螨二斑叶螨 侧多食跗线螨侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus 1.
32、It is a common species of pests on vegetables,and sometimes a dominant one on cotton,tobacco,tomato,bean,maize and sorghum as well.This species is a sporadically very serious pest in many parts of the world.It is completely polyphagous,and very widespread.2.Distribution:It distributes tropics,subtro
33、pics,and warmer temperate regions of the Old World,extending as far north as Germany and Japan.3.Damage:Clean circular holes are bored in flower buds and balls of all sizes.The bracteoles of buds open out causing the condition known as flared squares;these square then die and are shed.The caterpilla
34、r also feeds directly on foliage of vegetable crops.4.Life history:Egg-laying starts about 4 days after emergence and may continue for a further 10 days.Each female may lay 1,000 or more eggs.Eggs are laid singly,stuck on to the host plant;hatching takes place after 2-4 days.Young caterpillars feed
35、on small pods.Older caterpillars feed on small squares and terminal buds,and bean flowers and small bolls.They also burrow into large pods and eat the developing seeds.The caterpillars often feed with their head inside the boll or bean,but with the posterior part of the body outside.The full-grown l
36、arva burrows into the soil and pupates there.The shiny brown pupa is about 16 mm long;the pupal period usually lasts 10-14 days.In the tropics there are usually 5-6 generations annually.5.IdentificationAdult:The adult is a stout-bodied,brown moth,of wingspan 40-44 mm;the hindwing is pale but with a
37、broad dark border.Egg:The eggs are spherical,about 0.5 mm in diameter,yellow when laid but turning brown as the embryo develops.Eggs are laid singly,stuck on to the host plant.Larva:The larva is a stout caterpillar of variable color but often greenish or brownish.The body is marked with longitudinal
38、 bands alternatively dark and pale;the pale bands down the sides of the body are particularly noticeable.The full-grown larva is about 40 mm long.Pupa:The full-grown larva burrows into the soil and pupates there.The shiny brown pupa is about 16 mm long.棉铃虫棉铃虫 Cotton bollwormAdultLarvaDamageDamage烟青虫
39、烟青虫Heliothis virescens(Fabricius)Tbacco budworm玉米穗蛾玉米穗蛾（美国棉铃虫）（美国棉铃虫）Helicoverpa zea Corn earwormLarvaDamage1.This is a cosmopolitan pest of sporadic importance on many crops in different parts of the world.It can cause severe damage in many crops.2.Hosts:A polyphagous cutworm attacking the seedling
40、s of most crops,in particular on cotton,rice,potato,tomato,tobacco,cereals,and crucifers.3.Distribution:Almost completely cosmopolitan,from northern Europe,Canada,Japan,down to New Zealand,South Africa,and South America.It has not been recorded to date from a few areas in the tropics.4.Damage:The yo
41、ung larvae feed on the leaves of the host plants;the older caterpillars feed at the base of crop plants or on the roots or stems underground.Seedlings are typically cut through at the ground level;one caterpillar may destroy a number of seedlings in this manner in a single night,often working along
42、the plant rows.5.Life cycle:The life cycle from egg to adult takes 32 days at 30,41 days at 26,and 67 days at 20,respectively.6.IdentificationAdult:The adults are large,dark noctuids with wingspan of 40-50 mm,with a gray body;and gray forewings are almost white basely but with a dark terminal fringe
43、,paler in the males.Egg:The eggs are white,globular,and ribbed,0.5 mm in diameter.Larva:The larvae are brownish above with a broad pale gray band alone the mid-line,and with gray-green sides with lateral blackish stripes.The head capsule is brownish-black with two white spots.The general appearance
44、of the caterpillar is blackish,hence the common name of black cutworm.The mature caterpillar is 25-35 mm long.Pupa:The pupa is dark brown,20 mm long,with a posterior spine.LarvaAdult Seeding is cut through at the ground level.Damage小地老虎小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon1.Distribution:It is almost cosmopolitan in d
45、istribution.It is an new imported pest.And has been found in several provinces in South China:Guangdong,Hainan,Guangxi and Fujian.It has caused very serious damage in vegetable production in recent years in China.2.Host:The host plants are included over 100 species of plants,with a preference for be
46、ans,cucumbers and tomatoes.3:Damage:This pest is a polyphagous.It damages the host plants by adult feeding punctures,oviposition punctures and larval mines.The larvae feed within the leaf,making a long serpentine tunnel which is usually white with dampened black and dried brown,and irregular shapes,
47、increasing in width as larval development.If many leaves are mined the yield may be reduced;In Brassica the damage affects saleability.Heavily infested leaves shrivel and wither.4.Life history In South China the life history of this pest occurs throughout the year.It completes the life cycle in 13-1
48、7 days in summer and in 50-60 days in winter.There may be 14-16 generations takes place per year.5.Identification Egg:Egg is 0.2-0.3 mm in length,with slightly translucent Larva:Larva is headless maggot,about 3 mm in length when full grown.1stinstar larva colorless,but pale yellow-orange on hatching
49、.Later instars yellow-orange.Larvae with a pair of posterior spiracles shaped like a triple cone.Each posterior spiracle opens by three pores,one pore located toward the apex of each cone.Pupa:Pupa oval,slightly flattened ventrally,pale yellow-orange but often darkening to golden brown.美洲斑潜蝇美洲斑潜蝇Lir
50、iomyza sativae1.Distribution:Southeast Asia,Japan,South China.2.Host:This insect is one of the most important pests on gourd and potato family in South China.3.Damage:The larva and adult suck the juice of the plants on the young leaf,bud,and young fruit,leading to wither or dwarf of the young leaf.T
