1、1第1页，共37页。IntroductionIntroductionuThe complexities of human cognitive abilities and language acquisitionuBrain is the source of human language and cognition.2第2页，共37页。The most complex organ of the body Cortex(gray matter)a)decision-makingb)memoriesc)grammar White matter Contralateral function3第3页，共
2、37页。Which parts of the brain are responsible for linguistic abilities?Franz Joseph Gall LocalizationOrganology(phrenology)Brain is not a uniform mass.4第4页，共37页。Relationship between brain and language Language disorder caused by disease or trauma Brocas area v.s.Wernickes area Lateralization5第5页，共37页
3、。Most aphasics do not show total language loss.The language disorder is generally related to the location of the brain damage.Brocas aphasia injuries to the left frontal lobe Wernickes aphasia injuries to the left temporal lobe Brocas areaWernickes area6第6页，共37页。Syndromes:A.Labored speech B.Word-fin
4、ding difficulties C.Problems in forming sentences with the rules of syntax7第7页，共37页。D.Language produced is often agrammatic Q:What is“agrammatic”?A:It frequently lacks articles,prepositions,pronouns,auxiliary verbs.lacks function words The omission of function words in the speech of agrammatic aphas
5、ics shows that function words are mentally distinct from content words.8第8页，共37页。E.May typically omit inflections the past tense suffix ed e.g.I watch TV for three hours this morning.the third person singular verb ending s e.g.She like playing the piano.9第9页，共37页。F.Have difficulty understanding comp
6、lex sentences in which they cannot rely on their real-world knowledge.more difficulty for aphasia people:e.g.Which girl did the boy kiss?less difficulty for aphasia people:e.g.Which book did the boy read?10第10页，共37页。Wernickes aphasics can produce fluent speech and adhere to the rules of syntax.Syndr
7、omes:A.Their language is often semantically incoherent.fork a need for a schedule when asking about poor vision My wires dont hire right.11第11页，共37页。B.Have difficulty naming objects presented to them C.Have difficulty choosing words in spontaneous speech often produce jargon and nonsense words 12第12
8、页，共37页。Severe Wernickes aphasia is often referred to as jargon aphasia.Syndrome:substitute new word for original word13第13页，共37页。Word substitutions that aphasic patients produce also tell us about how words are organized in the mental lexicon.sounds meaning pool tool table chair sable table boy girl
9、 crucial crucible.14第14页，共37页。Dyslexia:a condition that makes it difficult for someone to read and spell.Acquired dyslexics:people who become dyslexic after brain damage.The similar phenomenon of word substitutions may also happen to acquired dyslexics.(examples on page 9)15第15页，共37页。The similar syn
10、drome of the omission of function words in the speech also happens to acquired dyslexics.(examples on page 10)These errors show that the mental lexicon has content words and function words in different compartments.16第16页，共37页。The tip-of the-tongue phenomenon is the failure to retrieve a word from m
11、emory,combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.word-finding difficulties in speaking TOT17第17页，共37页。Word finding difficulties is the fate of many aphasics.Anomia:the inability to find words you wish to speak18第18页，共37页。Deaf patients with lesions in Brocas area Syndrome
12、s:dysfluent and agrammatic sign production Deaf patients with lesions in Wernickes area Syndromes:have fluent but often semantically incoherent sign language19第19页，共37页。Deaf signers with damage to the left hemisphere show aphasia for sign language similar to the language breakdown in hearing aphasic
13、s.20第20页，共37页。Noninvasive brain recording technologies1.Computer tomography(CT)2.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)Reveal lesions in the living brain shortly after the damage occurs.21第21页，共37页。Positron emission tomography(PET)4.Functional MRI(FmrI)5.Single photon emission CT(SPECT)Provide images of th
14、e brain in action.22第22页，共37页。Other scanning techniques measure metabolic activity in particular areas of the brain1.Magnetic encephalography (MEG)This technique shows us how the healthy brain reacts to particular linguistic stimuli.23第23页，共37页。Evidence:1.fMRL&PET scans Differential activation in th
15、e normal brains in just those sites that were damaged in the aphasics.2.neurological and behavioral findings 24第24页，共37页。Lateralization of language to the left hemisphere is a process that begins very early in life.Infant as young as one week show a response right hemisphere music left hemisphere la
16、nguage25第25页，共37页。The study found:during smiling greater opening of the left side of the mouth during babbling greater opening of the right side of the mouth more left hemisphere involvement even at this very early stage of productive language development26第26页，共37页。the right hemisphere can take ove
17、r the language functions that would normally reside in the left hemisphere.Hemispherectomy1.one hemisphere of the brain is surgically removed2.Treat otherwise intractable cases of epilepsy27第27页，共37页。Doing left hemispherectomy After language acquisition has begun In children they experience an initi
18、al period of aphasia and then require a linguistic system that is virtually indistinguishable from normal children.In adults They inevitably lose severe language function 28第28页，共37页。Right hemisphere plays a role in the earliest stages of language acquisition Children with prenatal,perinatal,or chil
19、dhood brain lesions in the right hemisphere babbling and vocabulary learning in the left hemisphere ability to form phrases and sentences Also,children who undergo right hemisphere hemispherectomy before two years of age dont develop language.29第29页，共37页。Human brain is essentially designed to specia
20、lize for language in the left hemisphere but that the right hemisphere is involved in early language development.Under the right circumstances,the brain is remarkably resilient and that if brain damage or surgery occurs early in life,normal left hemisphere functions can be taken over by the right he
21、misphere.30第30页，共37页。review：What is the corpus callosum?What is the word“spilt brain”?A.Definition -an surgical technique to cut some or all corpus callosum of a personWhat will happen if people lose their corpus callosum?-no communication between the left and the right hemispheres -function indepen
22、dently 31第31页，共37页。An experiment on split-brain patients to show what will happen to people when the corpus callosum is severed.32第32页，共37页。What significant information we get from this experiment?-infer to the language lateralization in the left hemisphere -knowing that two hemispheres of brain hav
23、e different capacities Function of two halves：the right:pattern-matching tasks,imagination,art awareness the left:more superior in language,logical thinking,mathematic skills33第33页，共37页。What is the purpose for the author to mention the term“split brain”?-one of the evidence to explain the lateraliza
24、tion of language and to know different cognitive behavior are controlled in different parts of the brain(namely localization).34第34页，共37页。35第35页，共37页。an experimental technique that uses auditory signals to observe the individual hemispheres of human brain.Right ear linguistic stimuli Left ear nonverbal stimuli36第36页，共37页。the electrical signal emitted from the brain in response to different stimuli Result Left brain is specialize for language.37第37页，共37页。
