1、Unit 7（2）Underground Works 地下工程地下工程1.shaft pression4.shearing5.torsion6.equilibrium7.excavation Review竖井，通风井拉力，张力压缩，浓缩剪力，修剪扭力，扭转平衡，均衡挖掘，发掘vore extraction vbreasting boardvdead loadvlive load vBoring equipmentvTunnel construction v Full-face methodPhrases矿石开采矿石开采罩板罩板恒负载恒负载活负载活负载钻机设备钻机设备隧道施工隧道施工全面开挖法
2、So Much for Thisvlearning guidance：v1.Master：了解隧道的施工与规划：了解隧道的施工与规划 v2.Teaching important point ：隧道的施工与规划。隧道的施工与规划。v3.Teaching difficult point：科技英语翻译技巧：句子成分的转换v5 Tunnel Construction:v 1.隧道施工的工序包括开挖、出渣、支护和衬砌。隧道施工的工序包括开挖、出渣、支护和衬砌。人们在实际中已创造出多种隧道施工方法，概括起人们在实际中已创造出多种隧道施工方法，概括起来有两大施工方式，即明挖法和暗挖法。来有两大施工方式，即明
3、挖法和暗挖法。2.明挖法主要有：敞口放坡明挖明挖法主要有：敞口放坡明挖 板桩法板桩法 地下连续墙施工法地下连续墙施工法3.暗挖法主要有：矿山法暗挖法主要有：矿山法 盾构法盾构法 沉管法沉管法 顶进法顶进法Notice that the diagram shows tunneling taking place from both sides.Tunnels through mountains or underwater are usually worked from the two opposite ends,or faces,of the passage.In long tunnels,ver
4、tical shafts may be dug at intervals to excavate from more than two points.Passage：n.一段（文章）；走廊；通路 underground passage矿业 地下通道；洞穴通道；矿业 地下道；洞窟通道passage allowance旅费津贴；旅费补助water passage水道；流道；水眼；水通路respiratory passage呼吸道admission passage入路；进路；进气管路；进入通道return passage回路；双程旅费；通路；回路通道at intervals:时时，不时，相隔一定的距
5、离或时间v5 Tunnel Construction:v(1)soft ground（earth）v(2)hard rock v(3)soft rock v(4)underwater(1)soft ground（earth）vWorkers dig soft-ground tunnels through clay,silt,sand,gravel or mud.（what is soft ground？）vIn this type of tunnel,stand-up time-how long the ground will safely stand by itself at the poi
6、nt of excavation-is of paramount importance.vBecause stand-up time is generally short when tunneling through soft ground,cave-ins(塌方)are a constant threat.粘土；粉砂；沙土；碎石；淤泥at the point of：靠近；正要；be at the point of将要at the point of use在使用点上At The Point Of Crisis在危机点paramount prmaunt adj.最重要的，主要的；至高无上的 n.
7、最高统治者vTo prevent this（？）from happening,engineers use a special piece of equipment called a shield.v A shield is an iron or steel cylinder literally pushed into the soft soil.vIt carves a perfectly round hole and supports the surrounding earth while workers remove debris（debri n.碎片，残骸）and install a p
8、ermanent lining made of cast iron（铸铁）or precast concrete.vWhen the workers complete a section,jacks（小伙子，工人）push the shield forward and they repeat the process.literallylt()rladv.照字面地；逐字地vIn 1874,Peter M.Barlow and James Henry Greathead improved on Brunels design by constructing a circular shield lin
9、ed with cast-iron segments.vThey first used the newly-designed shield to excavate a second tunnel under the Thames for pedestrian traffic（行人交通）.vThen,in 1874,the shield was used to help excavate the London Underground,the worlds first subway.vGreathead further refined the shield design by adding com
10、pressed air pressure inside the tunnel.vWhen air pressure inside the tunnel exceeded water pressure outside,the water stayed out.Soon,engineers in New York,Boston,Budapest and Paris had adopted the Greathead shield to build their own subways.v(2)hard rockvUnless the tunnel is short,control of the en
11、vironment is essential to provide safe working conditions and（？）to ensure the safety of passengers after the tunnel is operational.vOne of the most important concerns is ventilation-a problem magnified by waste gases produced by trains and automobiles.vClifford Holland addressed the problem of venti
12、lation when he designed the tunnel that bears（？）his name.Bear：vi.承受；结果实 vt.忍受；具有；支撑 vHis solution was to add two additional layers above and below the main traffic tunnel.vThe upper layer clears exhaust fumes（废气）,while the lower layer pumps in（用泵吸入）fresh air.vFour large ventilation towers,two on eac
13、h side of the Hudson River,house the fans that move the air in and out.Eighty-four fans,each 80 feet in diameter,can change the air completely every 90 seconds.eighty-four eitif:n.俚语海军监狱隧道的通风隧道的通风通风方式通风方式自然通风自然通风机械通风机械通风半横向式半横向式纵向式纵向式横向式横向式混合式混合式射流式射流式风道式和风道式和喷嘴式喷嘴式竖井式竖井式 Fig 7.8 Inside a Holland Tu
14、nnel ventilation tower v射流式纵向通风射流式纵向通风 v纵向式通风是从一个洞口直接引进新鲜空气，由纵向式通风是从一个洞口直接引进新鲜空气，由另一洞口排出污染空气的方式。射流式纵向通风是将另一洞口排出污染空气的方式。射流式纵向通风是将射流式风机设置于车道的吊顶部，吸入隧道内的部分射流式风机设置于车道的吊顶部，吸入隧道内的部分空气，并以空气，并以30m/s左右的速度喷射吹出，用以升压，左右的速度喷射吹出，用以升压，使空气加速，达到通风的目的。射流式通风经济，设使空气加速，达到通风的目的。射流式通风经济，设备费少，但噪声较大。备费少，但噪声较大。v竖井式纵向通风竖井式纵向通风
15、 v机械通风所需动力与隧道长度的立方成正比，因此机械通风所需动力与隧道长度的立方成正比，因此在长隧道中，常常设置竖井进行分段通风。竖井用于排在长隧道中，常常设置竖井进行分段通风。竖井用于排气，有烟囱作用，效果良好。对向交通的隧道，因新风气，有烟囱作用，效果良好。对向交通的隧道，因新风是从两侧洞口进入，竖井宜设于中间。单向交通时，由是从两侧洞口进入，竖井宜设于中间。单向交通时，由于新风主要自入口一侧进入，竖井应靠近出口侧设置。于新风主要自入口一侧进入，竖井应靠近出口侧设置。v横向式通风横向式通风v横向式通风的特点是风在隧道的横断面方向流横向式通风的特点是风在隧道的横断面方向流动，一般不发生纵向流
16、动，因此有害气体的浓度在动，一般不发生纵向流动，因此有害气体的浓度在隧道轴线方向的分布均匀。该通风方式有利于防止隧道轴线方向的分布均匀。该通风方式有利于防止火灾蔓延和处理烟雾。但需设置送风道和排风道，火灾蔓延和处理烟雾。但需设置送风道和排风道，增加建设费用和运营费用。增加建设费用和运营费用。v半横向式通风半横向式通风v半横向式通风的特点是新鲜空气经送风道直接吹向汽半横向式通风的特点是新鲜空气经送风道直接吹向汽车的排气孔高度附近，直接稀释排气，污染空气在隧车的排气孔高度附近，直接稀释排气，污染空气在隧道上部扩散，经过两端洞门排出洞外。半横向式通风，道上部扩散，经过两端洞门排出洞外。半横向式通风，
17、因仅设置送风道，所以较为经济。因仅设置送风道，所以较为经济。v(3)soft rock v v(4)underwaterv6 Tunnel Planning tunnel engineers need to consider following factors:v(1)soil and rock types v(2)weak beds and zones v(3)groundwater v(4)special hazardsvAlmost every tunnel is a solution to a specific challenge or problem.vIn many cases,t
18、hat challenge is an obstacle that a roadway or railway must bypass.vThey might be bodies of water,mountains or other transportation routes.vEven cities,with little open space available for new construction,can be an obstacle that engineers must tunnel beneath to avoid.vWhy we use tunnel to solve the
19、 problem of transportation?vSometimes,tunnels offer a safer solution than other structures（？）.vHow a tunnel is built depends heavily on the material through which it must pass.vTunneling through soft ground,for instance,requires very different techniques than tunneling through hard rock or soft rock
20、,such as shale,chalk or sandstone.vTunneling underwater,the most challenging of all environments,demands a unique approach that would be impossible or impractical to implement above ground.vThats the reason why planning is so important to a successful tunnel project.vEngineers conduct a thorough geo
21、logic analysis to determine the type of material they will be tunneling through and assess the relative risks of different locations.vThey consider many factors,but some of the most important include:vSoil and rock types：vWeak beds and zones,including faults and shear zones;vGroundwater：including fl
22、ow pattern and pressure;vSpecial hazards：such as heat,gas and fault lines.v地铁车站v区间隧道v出入口建筑物6.3.4 地下铁道地下铁道vExercise:vI.Read the whole passage and answer the following questions.v1.Give a general introduction to content of the whole passage.vIn this article,we explore what makes tunnels such an attrac
23、tive solution for railways,roadways,public utilities and telecommunications.We look at the defining characteristics of tunnels and examine how tunnels are built.We also look at the Big Dig in detail to understand the opportunities and challenges inherent to building a tunnel.Finally,we look at the f
24、uture of tunnels.v2.Define the tunnel.vA tunnel is a horizontal passageway located underground,including natural tunnels due to erosion and other forces of nature and man made tunnels.v3.What ways can be used to excavate a tunnel?Explain it in detail.vManual labor,explosives,rapid heating and coolin
25、g,tunneling machinery or a combination of these methods.v4.How can tunnels be categorized?Summarize each type briefly.vMining tunnels,public works tunnels and transportation tunnelsv5.What are the four primary environments of tunnel excavation?vSoft ground,hard rock,soft rock and underwater.v6.How d
26、id Peter M.Barlow and James Henry Greathead improve Brunels design?vThey improved his design by constructing a circular shield lined with cast-iron segments.v7.Why planning is important to a successful tunnel project?vOften,a single tunnel will pass through more than one type of material or encounte
27、r multiple hazards.Good planning allows engineers to plan for these variations right from the beginning,decreasing the likelihood of an unexpected delay in the middle of the project.vII.Translate the following terms into Chinese or English.vRegistered contractor 土壤稳定工程；加固工程vrelieving arch 后备发电机vsalt
28、 water pumping station 温度传感器vshock load 隧道通风风扇vsite investigation 承重剪力墙vamount of compression 深层加固vattitude of stratum 抗震建筑vcased borehole 承压变形vengineering geologic condition 裂隙方向vcompaction by driving 打桩机 vIII.Translate the following sentences into Chinese or English.v1.Thats not to say,of course,t
29、hat some tunnel projects havent encountered major setbacks.v2.Mine tunnels are not as safe as tunnels designed for permanent occupation,however.v3.They decided that any bridge safe enough to withstand the severe conditions would be too difficult to build.v4.隧道如何建设很大程度上取决于它必须穿过的地质环境。v5.工人们随之将场中注满水，使各
30、部件上浮，然后将他们放置在运河的底部。v6.水下建隧道是在所有环境中最具有挑战性的，它需要运用一种独特的方法，这种方法在地面上无法施行。vIV.Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.vToday,the New York City subway system is in the middle of a massive renovation.One of the planned additions is a new tunnel all the way from Long Island to Manhattan.A tunnel-boring m
31、achine(TBM)will do much of the digging.vA TBM is a machine so large that it usually has to be _ in pieces.It uses discs and scrapers to crush and remove rock and debris,creating a tunnel.A conveyor removes this debris from the tunnel so crews can of it.Although it moves slowly,a TBM can dig through
32、both hard bedrock and softer soil,and it supports the tunnel as it digs.stretchingtransported_ disposevBut machines like this didnt exist during the construction of the worlds first subways.Building crews had to the subway lines in cities like London and Paris by hand.This was slow,difficult,work.Fo
33、r example,digging the New York City subway tunnels required close to 8,000 laborers.Thousands sustained injuries during construction,and more than 60 died.Improved construction methods havent completely subway construction accidents.In January 2007,a _at a subway construction site in Sao Paulo,Brazi
34、l buried a minibus and several dump trucks and created a 260-foot-wide crater.vThrough the years,crews have used a variety of methods to excavate the subway tunnels.Some have blasted rock with dynamite,and have used movable shields to protect _while excavating hollow tubes under streets and building
35、s.In the 1950s,some crews started using the New Austrian Tunneling Method(NATM),a collection of for determining how and where to dig.excavatedangerouspreventedcollapse othersdiggersTechniques 7.3 Part II Reading Materials vText A:Tunnel Constructionv(1)Underwaterv(2)The Big Digv(3)The Future of Tunn
36、elingQuestions：a.whats the features and purposes of tunnels？b.Do you know other tunnel projects in home and abroad？1.盖板法Text B:The Traditional Building ProcessvRequirements of reading materials:(it is arranged by teachers)v(1)Project Initiationv(2)Designv(3)Biddingv(4)Construction7.4 Part III Transl
37、ation of EST(6)-句子成分的转换句子成分的转换 翻译知翻译知识：识：a.英语的形合法形合法:一个句子由几个概念联合在一起,表达一个完整的内容。这样,英语句子的结构清楚,易于识别。b.汉语的意合法意合法:汉语句子的结构一般是采用意合法,即需要从意义上来分辨词的不同作用。词在句中总是充当某种成分。因此,在英译汉时往往需要按照汉语的表达习惯改变原文中某些词在句中所担当的成分，这是一种十分常见的翻译技巧。句子成分转换的依据：英汉差异英汉差异！v翻译策略：翻译策略：按照汉语的表达习惯改变英文中某些词在句中所担当的成分 v具体方法：1.主语与宾语之间的转换 英语的被动语态常译为汉语的主动语态
38、，英语中的主语译成汉语中的宾语。vThe mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of generator.利用发电机可以把机械能再转变成电能2.主语与谓语之间的转换Extreme care must be taken when operating the computer.操作计算机的时候必须特别小心。Water with salt conducts electricity very well.盐水的导电性能很好。3.主语与表语之间的转换Such would be our printer in
39、 the future.我们未来的打印机就是这样的。An example is the fine strain of rice we have developed.我们培养的稻种就是一例。4.主语与状语之间的转换The emphasis on efficiency leads to the large,complex operations which are characteristics of engineering.由于强调效率，因此引起工程所特有的工序繁多而复杂的情况。Computers are employed in most banks.大多数银行已经使用了计算机。5.主语与定语之间
40、的转换Mercury weighs about 14times as much as water.水银的重量大约是水的14倍。Water has a variable efficient of expansion.水的膨胀系数是可变的。6.定语与状语之间的转换For nearly all substances the density gets smaller as the temperature is raised.温度升高时，几乎所有物质的密度都会变小。Electronic mail enables one to establish contact with people half a wo
41、rld away.电子邮件使我们能跟地球另一端的人们建立联系。7.定语转换成谓语There is a large amount of energy wasted owing to friction.由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。Many factors enter into equipment reliability.涉及设备可靠性的因素很多 8.宾语转换成谓语The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.当今科学技术正在迅速发展。9.状语转化成补语The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.分子之间的吸引力小的可以忽略不计。This problem seems much more difficult than that one.这个题似乎比那个题难得多。单元小结单元小结v隧道的基本词汇、短语和常用知识v科技翻译中句子成分转换的使用v练习
