1、相关研究小组人员 田向军,梁妙玲,张生雷,袁 飞,师春香 郑 婧,宋丽叶 袁 星,陈 锋 苏凤阁,杨宏伟(USA)陆面过程陆面过程是能够陆面过程是能够影响气候变化的影响气候变化的发生在陆地表面发生在陆地表面的土壤中控制陆的土壤中控制陆地与大气之间动地与大气之间动量、热量及水分量、热量及水分交换的那些过程交换的那些过程；提提 纲纲陆面过程中地下水位的动态表示及其与气候模式的耦合陆面过程中地下水位的动态表示及其与气候模式的耦合.Xie Zhenghui,Zeng Qingcun,Dai Yongjiu,and Wang Bin,Numerical simulation of an unsatura
2、ted flow equation,Sciences in China(Series D),4(14),429-436,1998.Xie Zhenghui,Zeng Qingcun,Dai Yongjiu,An unsaturated soil flow problem and its numerical simulation,Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,16(2),183-198,1999Xie Zhenghui,Liang Xu,Zeng qingcun,A parameterization of groundwater table in a land
3、 surfacee model and its applications,Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,28(4),331-342,2004.Liang Xu,Xie Zhenghui,A new parameterization for surface and groundwater interac-tions and its impact on water budgets with the variable infiltration capacity(VIC)land surface model,Journal of Geophysics
4、Research,108(D16),8613,doi:10.1029/2002-JD003090,2003.Yang Hongwei,Xie Zhenghui,A new method to dynamically simulate groundwater table in land surface model VIC,Progress in Natural Progress,13(11),819-825,2003.Yeh et al 2005 JC.Maxwell et al 2005,JHM.Xie Zhenghui,Xiangjun Tian,Hongwei Yang,A land su
5、rface parameterization scheme with a groundwater model for climate models and its applications,2006.Tian xiangjun,Xie Zhenghui,Coupling a Groundwater Component to the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model,2006.地表地下陆面水文机制地表地下陆面水文机制 Liang Xu,Xie Zhenghui,2001,A New Surface Runoff Parameterization with Subgr
6、id-Scale Soil Heterogeneity for Land Surface Models,Advances in Water Resources,24(9-10),1173-1193,2001.Xie Zhenghui,Su Fengge,Liang Xu,Zeng Qingcun,et al,Applications of a surface runoff model with Horton and Dunne runoff for VIC,Advances in Atmospheric Sciences.20(2),165-172,2003.Liang Xu,Xie Zhen
7、ghui,Important factors in land-atmosphere interactions:surface runoff generactions and interactions between surface and groundwater,Global Planetary Change,38,101-114,2003.Tian Xiangjun,Xie Zhenghui,Zhang Shengle,Liang Miaoling,A subsurface ruoff parameterization with water storage and recharge base
8、d on the Boussinesq-Storage Equation for a Land Surface Model,Science in China(Series D),2006.陆面水文生态模拟陆面水文生态模拟 Xie Zhenghui,Liu Qian,Su Fengge,An application of the VIC-3L land surface model with the new surface runoff model in simulating streamflow for the Yellow River basin,IAHS Publiction No.289,
9、241-248,2004.谢正辉，刘谦，袁飞，杨宏伟，基于全国谢正辉，刘谦，袁飞，杨宏伟，基于全国50km50km网格的大尺网格的大尺度陆面水文模型框架度陆面水文模型框架,水利学报，水利学报，(5),76-82,2004.Yuan Fei,Xie Zhenghui,Liu Qian,Yang Hongwei,Su Fengge,et al,An application of the VIC-3L land surface model and remote sensing data in simulating streamflow for the Hanjiang River Basin,Can
10、adian Journal of Remote Sensing,30(5),680-690,2004.Su Fengge,Xie Zhenghui,A model for assessing effects of climate change on runoff in China,Progress in Natural Progress,13(9),701-707,2003.梁妙玲梁妙玲,谢正辉谢正辉,我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模拟拟,气候与环境研究气候与环境研究,已接受已接受,2006.Yuan Fei,Xie Zhenghui,L
11、iu Qian,Xia Jun,Simulating Hydrologic Changes with Climate Change Scenarios in the Haihe River Basin,Pedosphere,15(5):595-600,2005.水文过程研究需要深入；生态过程机制（C,N循环）需要发展，植被动态演替；各种非均匀性问题；陆面模型的参数标定与移植陆面模型的参数标定与移植；陆面数据同化问题，全球土壤湿度等陆面分量的时空分布；与区域与全球气候模式的耦合；各种应用问题；雪盖、冻土和旱土、大面积水面作用的描述简单，冻土、雪盖占陆面面积都远大于1/4，沙漠区占1/4。基于全国
12、基于全国50 kmX50 km网格网格大尺度陆面水文模型大尺度陆面水文模型水分收支过程水分收支过程能量收支过程能量收支过程陆面过程模式（陆面过程模式（VIC）基于全国基于全国50 kmX50 km网格网格大尺度陆面水文模型大尺度陆面水文模型EbEtEcLSRLRsRLQdLayer 1Layer 2Layer 3CanopyiWsW3cW3c Baseflow,BDsDmDmBaseflow CurveDs/Ws=1Ds/Ws10W0WR0As1Fraction of Area Infiltration Capacityi0+PPi=im1-(1-A)1/bimVariable Infiltr
13、ation CurveThree-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC-3L)ModelGrid Cell Energy and Moisture FluxesP11.NN+1Grid Cell Vegetation Coverage2QdiLayer 3 Soil Moisture,W3QbRi0Qb水分收支过程水分收支过程 植被蒸散、裸土蒸发、土壤水传输、排植被蒸散、裸土蒸发、土壤水传输、排水和径流决定了陆面过程中的水分收支水和径流决定了陆面过程中的水分收支，也是也是VIC中所考虑的主要水文过程。中所考虑的主要水文过程。v蒸散发（蒸散发（evap
14、oration and transpiration）v冠层截流（冠层截流（canopy interception）v土壤水模型（土壤水模型（soil hydrological model）v径流和排水（径流和排水（runoff and drainage）蒸蒸 散散 发发陆面过程模式陆面过程模式VIC中的蒸发中的蒸发冠层湿部蒸发冠层湿部蒸发Ew（wet canopy evaporation）冠层蒸腾冠层蒸腾Etr（dry canopy transpiration）裸土蒸发裸土蒸发Eg（bare soil surface evaporation）pEE)/1(/)(asaapnprrsrdcGRs
15、E冠层水量平衡冠层水量平衡 冠层持水量冠层持水量Mc的平衡方程可由下式表达：的平衡方程可由下式表达：P-降水率；降水率；Ew-土壤湿部蒸发；土壤湿部蒸发；Dc-大于叶片最大持水量而滴落到地面的部分。大于叶片最大持水量而滴落到地面的部分。cwcDEPtM用一维用一维Richards方程来描述土层间的传导和扩散过程方程来描述土层间的传导和扩散过程:各土层的控制方程为各土层的控制方程为：土壤水模型土壤水模型zKzDzt)()(11)()(.11zzzDKERPzt22)()(.22zzzDKERPztbzzQzDKzzt22)()().(233ERPK2K1D2D1Qbz=-z3z=-z1z=0z=
16、-z2WsW3cW3c Baseflow,BDsDmDmBaseflow CurveDs/Ws=1Ds/Ws10Layer 3 Soil Moisture,W3径流和排水径流和排水W0WR0As1Fraction of Area Infiltration Capacityi0+PPi=im1-(1-A)1/bimVariable Infiltration Curvei0mbmssmsiPiiPizzPipizPR010222022,1.).(),.(能量平衡方程能量平衡方程GEHRnzTkzG)()(zTkztTCsRn-net radiation;H -the sensible heat f
17、lux;E -the latent heat flux;G -the ground heat flux.VIC 模型结构的简单介绍土壤、植被参数土壤、植被参数源程序及控制文件源程序及控制文件Forcing dataFlux data运行VIC模式所需的子目录./SOURCE/存放源程序及global./PARAMETER/存放土壤及植被参数./FORCING/存放 forcing data 数据./RESULTS/存放输出的结果控制文件./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件 2、土壤参数文件 3、植被参数
18、库文件 其中，土壤和植被参数文件中存放研究区域内，每个网格中所包含的土壤、植被的相关的统计数据。植被参数库文件存放各种植被类型的一些固定参数。./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件 2、土壤参数文件 3、植被参数库文件 统计结果如下：植被参数文件的结构./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件 2、土壤参数文件 3、植被参数库文件 统计结果如下：土壤参数文件的结构./Source/global 控制文件在 global
19、控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：1、植被参数文件 2、土壤参数文件 3、植被参数库文件 ./Parameter/参数文件 将生成的参数文件放在 ./Parameter/目录下，然后在global控制文件中指定它们所在的目录即可：SOIL ./Parameter/土壤参数文件VEGPARAM ./Parameter/植被参数文件VEGLIB ./Parameter/植被参数库文件./Forcing/forcing data数据 Forcing data 文件中存放一定时间范围内，每个网格内的日降水量、最高及最低气温。在生成forcing data 数据时，选取全国700多个
20、站点数据，通过距离权重法，确定每个网格所需的数据。最后将生成的文件放在./Forcing/目录下即可。Regional Parameter Estimation of the VIC Land Surface Model:Methodology and Application to River Basins in ChinaZhenghui Xie,Fei YuanInstitute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,ChinaQingyun DuanUniversity of California
21、/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,Livermore,CA 94550,USAJing Zheng,Miaoling Liang,Feng Chenaccepted by Journal of Hydrometeorology qModel and DataqCalibration and transferqSimulationqConclusions Model and DataqLiang et al.(1994)developed the VIC-2L model which includes two different time scale
22、s(fast and slow)for runoff to capture the dynamics of runoff generation.qTo better represent quick bare soil evaporation following small summer rainfall events,a thin soil layer is included in VIC-2L,and VIC-2L becomes VIC-3L.qLiang and Xie(2001)developed a new parameterization to represent the Hort
23、on runoff mechanism in VIC-3L and combined it effectively with the original representation of the Dunne runoff mechanism(Xie et al.,2003).WR101Fraction of studied area Soil moisture capacity Li=i m1-(1-A)1/bi m R2y01Fraction of the area(1-As)f=f m1-(1-C)1/Bf m f Potential infiltration rate L/TPR2/t
24、W/tCiAswpWtAi 0(a)(b)Runoff and drainage R=R1(y)+R2(y)Saturation excess runoff R1(y)where i0-the point soil moisture capacity im-maximum soil moisture capacity b-shape parameter(soil moisture capacity)P-precipitation.,)(;0,)1()1(1)(0001010101PyiiiiyiiRiiyiyiiibiyyRmmmmbmbmmwhere fmm-the average pote
25、ntial infiltration rate fm the maximum potential infiltration rate B-shape parameter(potential infiltration rate)P-precipitation t-time step;1,;1,)1(1)(1111112tfRPtfRPtfRPtfRPtfRPyRmmmmBmmmInfiltration excess runoff R2(y)Precitation PP+i0imW00As1Fraction of AreaSsoil moisture Capacityi0+PPimSolve YI
26、nfiltration excess runoff R1Saturation excess runoff R2W0R10As1Fraction of Areai0 PimR1YR2YWWStopBeginyesnoi0+Pi0Last time step?YesNoiiR2NSRM计算示意图Ssoil moisture Capacity How to estimate fm nFrom n W;0t fWWf(t)dtf(t)dt0 0 We get tf,then fmm);1)f(t(Bf);f(tfffmmmn 0Time(hour)Infiltration Rate(mm/h)f(t)
27、f0ttfW0W;KtSf(t)pp2/1 Example:Philip Infiltration Curvewhere f(t)-the infiltration capacityL/T Kp-the final capacityL/T Sp-an empirical constantppKtSf(t)2/1 Coupling of VIC and NSRMVICNSRMVICPrecipitation Upper layer soil moistureSurface runoff Next stepData and model parameters qVegetation data qSo
28、il dataqForcing data50 50 km2 resolution 长江流域黄河流域淮河流域海河流域 Vegetation related parameters q Soil classification is based on global 5-min soil data provided by the NOAA hydrology office q Soil parameters are derived based on the work of Cosby et al.(1993)and Rawls et al.(1993).qThree depths of three so
29、il layersqThe exponent of the VIC-3L soil moisture capacity curve BqThe parameters in the ARNO subsurface flow parameterizationModel parameters of VIC-3L to be calibrated Forcing data are based on 740 meteorological stations in China,which contain 11 years of daily precipitation and air temperature
30、data from 1980 to 1990.Such station information is mapped to the resolution of 50 50 km2 grids by combining interpolation methods Calibration and transferqClassification of climate zones Kppen Classification qClimatic characteristics for the transfer of calibrated parameters under the premise that h
31、ydrological processes and the parameters used to describe them are similar within than between different climate zonesMethodGrouping of Kppen climate zones into parameter transfer zones The climate zones of China according to Kppen classificationLocations of the selected basins in China for calibrat
32、ion and verifications Schematic representation of the parameter regionalization scheme Selected river basinsParameter calibration Calibration was performed and focused on matching the total annual flow volume and the shape of the monthly hydrograph according to the following procedures:qSet the esti
33、mated values for the depths of the three soil layers,with deeper depths for arid and semi-arid regions and lower depths for humid regions;qCalibrate the ARNO model parameters to fit the low flow;qCalibrate the infiltration parameter to match the observed flow peaks,with a higher value to increase th
34、e peak and a lower value to lower the peak;qMake a fine adjustment on these parameters to get best simulation results.Parameter transfer scheme qParameters to be transferred qTransfer scheme Transferred from the primary to the secondary catchments based on climate zoneqThree depths of three soil lay
35、ersqThe exponent of the VIC-3L soil moisture capacity curve BqThe parameters in the ARNO subsurface flow parameterizationModel parameters of VIC-3L to be transferredParameter transfer (1)Those for two catchments in the Yellow River Basin are calibrated,the parameters for the two catchments are avera
36、ged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with cool summer.(2)Those for two catchments in the Haihe River Basin are calibrated,and the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of continental cl
37、imate with hot summer.(3)Those for one catchment in the Heihe River Basin are calibrated,and the parameters for the catchment are set to those corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with short cool summer.(4)Most of area in the Huaihe River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin bel
38、ongs to the zone of rainy,mid latitude climate.The parameters for two catchments in the Huaihe River Basin are calibrated,and those for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of rainy and mid latitude climate located in the Huaihe River Basin.Those
39、for two catchments in the Yangtze River Basin are calibrated,and the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of rainy and mid latitude climate located in the Yangtze River Basin.Parameters for the rainy and mid latitude climate zone no
40、rth of the Huaihe River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are set to that for the Huaihe River Basin;parameter values for the climate zone south of these two river basins are equivalent to that for the Yangtze River Basin.(5)The zone of tropical climate has similar climatic characteristics as those
41、in rainy and mid latitude climate zone.Therefore,the parameters for the zone of tropical climate are set to be the corresponding parameters for the Yangtze River Basin.(6)Since streamflow data for the zone of dry and cold climate is not available,default values of B,D1,D2,Dm,Ds and Ws for the area a
42、re set to be 0.3,0.1,0.5,2.0,0.02,8.0,and 0.8 respectively.SimulationPrimary Catchments qThe VIC model also provides a default parameter set,namely the parameter set for base case.qComparisons were made between the results for the base case and calibration.Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and si
43、mulated flow for the primary basinsMonthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basinMean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basinsPrimary Catchments The model performance was considerably better for the calibrated parameters than those without c
44、alibration.In general,calibration improve the results in all instances compared those with no calibration.Secondary CatchmentsqThe parameters were transferred to secondary catchments and runoff simulation with the transferred parameters was performed.qRunoff simulation with the recalibrated paramete
45、rs was performed.qResults were compared for the base case,the transferred case and the recalibration case.Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the secondary basinsMonthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the secondary basinsSecondary Catchments The parameter tran
46、sfer scheme improved the streamflow simulation.Subsequent recalibration of all basins further enhanced the modeling performance.Calibration and parameter transfer statistics Summary&ConclusionsqA parameter estimation is given to simulate streamflow for river basins in China,which is represented by 4
47、355 cells with a resolution of 50 50 km2 for each cell.The land area in China was grouped by climate zone,and model parameters were transferred within zones.qThe transferred parameters were used to simulate the water balance in river basins in China.The simulated daily runoff of VIC-3L with transfer
48、red parameters and un-calibrated parameters was routed to the outlets of the river basins,and compared to the monthly-observed streamflow at the related catchments.qResults show that the model for the transferred parameters can simulate the observations well qThe parameter transfer scheme improved t
49、he streamflow simulation.Subsequent recalibration of all basins further enhanced the modeling performance and the proposed parameter transfer method is promising in estimating the VIC model parameters for data-sparse areas in China.Discussions 1)what are differences between remote sensed data and model simulated data?2)why?3)what is your plan to use the remote sensed data to initialize your model?4)how can we be coupled?5)what we do next.谢谢各位！谢谢各位！Thank You for your attention!Thank You for your attention!
