1、动态系统理论与外语教学的相关性动态系统理论与外语教学的相关性n吉林大学公共外语教育学院第八英语教研室 陈春田n电子信箱:chenctjlu.edu动态系统理论背景简介n动态理论(Dynamic System Theory),简称DST。该理论源于自然科学(例如:数学)的一个分支理论。说明该理论的一个典型的例子是钟摆的运动轨迹构成的复杂变化(de Bot,et al.2019:8)。动态系统理论背景简介n动态系统理论是研究复杂理论的科学 动态系统理论是一门研究复杂理论的科学(de Bot,et al.,2019a)。它研究自然界的复杂和非线性系统如何从混乱无序的状态进入有序状态(Larsen-F
2、reeman,2019)。动态系统理论背景简介nLarsen-Freeman首先把动态系统理论应用于第二语言习得研究。她在1977年在Applied Linguistics杂志上发表了:Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition一文。该文系统地阐述了复杂理论与第二语言习得研究的相关性。动态系统理论的本质和特点动态系统理论的本质和特点n非线性非线性n线性变化是一条直线,即语言学习时由简单到复杂,由低水平到高水平的过程。一定的原因导致一定的结果。n非线性变化是一条曲线,即语言学习有进步,也有后退,有高峰,也有低谷。原因和结果不成
3、比例。动态系统理论的本质和特点动态系统理论的本质和特点n蝴蝶效应蝴蝶效应n动态系统中不可预测的行为依其初始状态而,即开始阶段的微弱变化可能会在后来引起急剧的变化(de Bot,et al.,2019)。例如:元音大移动(great English Vowel shift)动态系统理论的本质和特点动态系统理论的本质和特点n嵌套性(嵌套性(nesting)语言系统由若干分系统构成。每一个人的语言系统都是由语言的分系统构成,包括语音、词法、句法、篇章等。这些分系统构成了一个人的独立的语言动态系统(de Bot,et al.,2019b)。多个人的语言系统构成了一个更大的语言系统。动态系统理论的本质和
4、特点动态系统理论的本质和特点n自我重组性自我重组性(self-reorganization)Developmental order comes about as a result of self-organization.发展变化的顺序来自于自我重组和调整。语言学习者根据语言信息的输入发展自己独特的语言系统,形成中介语(interlanguage),表现出语言系统的自我重组性(de Bot,2019)。动态系统理论的本质和特点动态系统理论的本质和特点n石化性石化性(fossilization)随着动态系统的发展,动态系统会进入一个相对稳定的状态(attractor state)或者叫做石化状态
5、(fossilization)(de Bot,et al.,2019b)。这是语言运用者倾向于处在的一种状态。其相反的状态是排斥状态(repeller state)。从动态系统理论的观点出发,语言的石化与其变化均是动态系统的组成部分(van Geert,2019)。动态系统理论的本质和特点动态系统理论的本质和特点n相互连接性相互连接性(interconnectedness)语言系统中所有的可变因素都是相互联系的,一个可变因素的变化会影响到系统中其他可变因素的变化。这意味着在一定的时间内语言系统内的可变因素(包括语音、词汇、语法等)相互作用和影响。每一个可变因素影响其他的可变因素,同时也影响着自
6、己本身的变化(van Geert,1994)。动态系统理论与外语习得和磨蚀的相关性动态系统理论与外语习得和磨蚀的相关性n动态系统与外语习得动态系统与外语习得n动态系统与外语磨蚀动态系统与外语磨蚀 动态系统与外语习得动态系统与外语习得n最低限度结构发展条件最低限度结构发展条件(minimal structural growth condition)van Geert(2019)对语言的习得提出了一个理论概念,即:实现语言习得至少要满足最低限度结构发展条件(minimal structural growth condition),即掌握和运用最基本的词汇和语法能力,使语言进一步发展成为可能。其次,
7、必须存在发展的资源,包括内部资源和外部资源。内部资源指个体学习者的语言学习能力、概念知识以及动机;外部资源指为学习投入的时间、外部环境中的语言、强化动机的外部环境等(de Bot,et al.,2019)。虽然第一语言习得和第二语言习得存在不同过程,但是根据de Bot(2019)的观点,这个动态模式同样适用于第一语言习得和第二语言习得,因为对于任何语言系统的发展来说,最低量的资源是必需的。动态系统与外语磨蚀动态系统与外语磨蚀 n外部环境因素的影响外部环境因素的影响 动态系统理论表明,环境这个外部因素对于人的语言变化起至关重要的作用(Ecke 2019)。语言学习者在外语课程结束后,由于其外部
8、环境发生变化,停止或减少语言输入和使用所学外语,经过一段时间的语言磨蚀后所学外语就会退化或被遗忘。动态系统与外语磨蚀动态系统与外语磨蚀n内部因素的影响内部因素的影响n由于环境的改变,学习者产生焦虑、紧张、疲劳、缺乏动机和兴趣等因素会对外语习得产生负面影响。根据二语习得的有关研究,学生的负面态度和缺乏动机会加剧其第二语言的磨蚀(Gardner,et al.,1985)。动态系统与外语磨蚀动态系统与外语磨蚀 多种语言系统的相互影响多种语言系统的相互影响n多种语言动态系统理论表明,一个人如果是双语运用者或者多种语言运用者,大脑中的一种语言会与另一种语言竞争习得语言的有限精力资源(Jessner,20
9、19;Kopke,2019)。大脑中的多种语言会互相干扰,从而导致语言磨蚀的发生。动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性n语言分系统互动语言分系统互动n学习者互动学习者互动 n显性教学和隐性教学互动显性教学和隐性教学互动动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性 n语言分系统互动语言分系统互动 从语言系统本身看,语言系统中的分系统:音位、词法、句法、语义以及语用等互相依存。一个分系统的变化会引起其它分系统的变化。换句话说,整个系统的变化依分系统的互动而变化。动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性n 学习者互动学习者互动 n语言学习既
10、是个体学习也是与其他人互动交流的学习。Vygotsky(1962)的社会文化理论(Sociocultural Theory)强调学习者与其他人的互动交流在语言学习过程中的重要性。动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性n显性教学和隐性教学互动显性教学和隐性教学互动n隐性记忆隐性记忆(implicit memory)n显性记忆显性记忆(explicit memory)n隐性知识隐性知识(implicit knowledge)n显性知识显性知识(explicit knowledge)n隐性教学隐性教学(implicit instruction)n显性教学显性教学(explici
11、t instruction)n隐性学习隐性学习(implicit learning)n显性学习显性学习(explicit learning)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nExplicit and implicit memory is memory of a past event with or without conscious awareness,respectively(Schacter,1987)nOn explicit memory tasks,participants are explicitly asked to recall past events
12、 or to recognize previously studied events(Hulstijn,2019).nOn implicit memory tasks,no reference is made to past events;participants are simply asked to perform the task as accurately and quickly as possible.(Hulstijn,2019)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nImplicit and explicit knowledge differ in the
13、extent to which one has or has not(respectively)an awareness of the regularities underlying the information one has knowledge of,and to what extent one can or cannot(respectively)verbalize these reguarities.(R.Ellis,2019)nExplicit and implicit knowledge are often associated with effortful and automa
14、tic processing,respectively.(Segalowit&Hulstijn,2019)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nExplicit instruction:textbook or teacher explaining the“rule”(de Bot,et al.,2019b).nImplicit instruction:the learner discovering the“rule”.(de Bot,et al.,2019b)Instruction is explicit or implicit when learners do or
15、do not receive information concerning rules underlying the input,respectively(R.Ellis,1994,p.642;Norris&Ortega,2000)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nExplicit learning is input processing with the conscious intention to find out whether the input information contains regularities and,if so,to work out
16、the concepts and rules with which these regularities can be captured(Hulstijn,2019).n Implicit learning is input processing without such an intention,taking place unconsciously(Hulstijn,2019).动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性n显性知识与隐性知识之间是否存在接口?n无接口说n强接口说n弱接口说(顾琪一,2019)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nKra
17、shen认为不存在n杨烈祥 2019 论证了存在接口nR.Ellis(2019)论证了基于语言形式的显性教学可使语言学习者获取隐性语言知识。动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nFocus-on-FormsnFocus-on-Form动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性nFocus on Forms:treatment of the target L2 forms one by one in a sequence according to linguistic complexity;nFocus on Form:brief,reactive in
18、terventions within the context of communication by drawing a learners attention to a linguistic feature that appears to cause trouble on that occasion.(Long,1991)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性This review of classroom and laboratory research onthe effects of FFI in SLA supports the view that FFIis be
19、neficial to SLA.Furthermore,the results suggestthat explicit FFI may be particularly effective in L2classrooms which are communicatively-basedand/or where the L2 is learned via subject-matterinstruction.(Spada,2019)动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性N.Ellis(2019:136)reaches a similar conclusion:.implicit
20、 and explicit modes of operation interact in interesting ways.and demonstrate that a blend of explicit instruction and implicit learning can be superior to either just explicit instruction or implicit learning alone.结束语结束语 n动态系统理论揭示了语言系统变化的规律和特点。人的语言系统的变化与其内在因素和社会环境的影响紧密相连。在外语教学中显性教学和隐性教学之间存在动态关系。显性
21、知识和隐性知识可互为转化。根据具体情况使显性教学法和隐性教学法相互结合,相互补充,对外语教学会起到增效作用。研究动态系统理论为研究外语教学提供了一个新的视角。正确理解和运用动态系统理论,对于促进外语习得,防止语言磨蚀,指导外语教学具有重要意义。参考文献参考文献n1 De Bot,K.Introduction:second language development as a dynamic processJ.The Modern Language Journal,2019(92):166-178.n2 de Bot,K.,M.Verspoor&W.Lowie.Dynamic system the
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