1、杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命题 纸杭 州 师 范 大 学 2012 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题 考试科目代码： 716 考试科目名称： 综合英语（一）说明：1、命题时请按有关说明填写清楚、完整； 2、命题时试题不得超过周围边框； 3、考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负；I. Cloze（每小题1分，共20分）Fill in the blanks with proper words (the first letter is given).Sigmund Freud was born in Moravia but moved to Vienna wi
2、th his parents at the age of four. He is known as the (1)i_ of psychoanalysis, a method of treating people with (2)m_ or physical illnesses. During (3)t_ the patient is made to examine what he can remember about his (4)p_ life which may have caused the illness. Freuds theory was that these past (5)e
3、_ have been repressed, or held back, in the unconscious mind.One way of explaining the (6)c_ of the conscious and the (7)s_ mind, is to think of an iceberg, one tenth of which is (8)v_ on the surface of the sea, but the other nine-tenths of which lie (9)h_ in the deep, dark waters.By bringing the su
4、bconscious experiences to the surface and out into the conscious mind, the patient and (10)d_ can analyze all the different parts, which make up the (11)p_ psychological condition. In other words, they analyze or examine any (12)a_ complexes that the patient may have. This (13)a_ analysis of past ex
5、periences, Freud believed, would help to (14)c_ the patient. Freuds major (15)w_ is called The Interpretation of Dreams. In it Freud presents the theory that the unconscious mind tries to (16)r_ consciousnesses during sleep, through the (17)p_ of dreaming. Through (18)s_ and (19)i_, almost like a fi
6、lm, dreams express our unconscious fears and (20)d_. The analysis of dreams could help us to understand our waking lives.II. Reading Comprehension（共40分）Part A (每小题2分，共30分)Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. TEXT 1Study requires a students undiv
7、ided attention. It is impossible to acquire a complex skill or absorb information about a subject in class unless one learns to concentrate without undue stress for long periods of time. Students with Attention Deficit Disorder (A. D. D.) are particularly deficient in this respect for reasons which
8、are now known to be neurobiological and not behavioural, as was once believed. Of course, being unable to concentrate, and incapable of pleasing the teacher and oneself in the process, quickly leads to despondence and low self-esteem. This will naturally induce behavioural problems.It is estimated t
9、hat 3-5% of all children suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder. There are three main types of Attention Deficit Disorder: A. D. D. without Hyperactivity, A. D. D. with Hyperactivity (A. D. H. D.), and Undifferentiated A. D. D.The characteristics of a person with A. D. D. are as follows:a. has diffi
10、culty paying attentionb. does not appear to listenc. is unable to carry out given instructionsd. avoids or dislikes tasks which require sustained mental efforte. has difficulty with organizationf. is easily distractedg. often loses thingsh. is forgetful in daily activitiesChildren with A. D. H. D. a
11、lso exhibit excessive and inappropriate physical activity, such as constant fidgeting and running about the room. This boisterousness often interferes with the educational development of others. Undifferentiated A. D. D. sufferers exhibit some, but not all, of the symptoms of each category.It is imp
12、ortant to base remedial action on accurate diagnosis. Since A. D. D. is a physiological disorder caused by some structural or chemically-based neurotransmitter problem in the nervous system, it responds especially well to certain psychostimulant drugs, such as Ritalin. In use since 1953, the drug en
13、hances the ability to structure and complete a thought without being overwhelmed by non-related and distracting thought processes.Psychostimulants are the most widely used medications for persons with A. D. D. and A. D. H. D. Recent findings have validated the use of stimulant medications, which wor
14、k in about 70-80% of A. H. D. D. children and dults (Wilens and BIederman, 1997). In fact, up to 90% of distractibility in A. D. D. sufferers can be removed by medication. The specific dose of medicine varies for each child, but such drugs are not without side effects, which include the reduction in
15、 appetite, loss of weight, and problems with falling asleep.Not all students who are inattentive in class have Attention Deficit Disorder. Many are simply unwilling to commit themselves to the task at hand. Others might have a specific learning disability (S. L. D.). However, those with A. D. D. hav
16、e difficulty performing in school not usually because they have trouble learning, but because of poor organization, inattention, compulsion and impulsiveness. This is brought about by an incompletely understood phenomenon, in which the individual is, perhaps, best described as “tuning out” for short
17、 to long periods of time. The effect is analogous to the switching of channels on a television set. The difference is that an A. D. D. suffers is not “in charge of the remote control”. The child with A. D. D. is unavailable to learn something else has involuntarily captured his or her whole attentio
18、n. It is commonly thought that A. D. D. only affects children, and that they grow out of the condition once they reach adolescence. It is now known that this is often not the case. Left undiagnosed or untreated, children with all forms of A. D. D. risk a lifetime of failure to relate effectively to
19、others at home, school, college and at work. This brings significant emotional disturbances into play, and is very likely to negatively affect self-esteem. Fortunately, early identification of the problem, together with appropriate treatment, make it possible for many victims to overcome the substan
20、tial obstacles that A. D. D. places in the way of successful learning.1. The number of main types of A. D. D. is _.A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 42. Attention Deficit Disorder _.A. is a cause of behavioural problemsB. is very common in childrenC. has difficulty paying attentionD. none of the above3. Wilens and
21、Biederman have shown that _.A. stimulant medications are usefulB. psychostimulants do not always workC. hyperactive persons respond well to pshchostimulantsD. all of the above4. Children with A. D. D._.A. have a specific learning disabilityB. should not be given medication as a treatmentC. may be sl
22、ightly affected by sugar intakeD. usually improve once they become teenagers5. Psychostimulant drugs can be given to A. D. D. sufferers to assist them _.A. with the reduction in appetite B. to lose weightC. to fall asleep D. with the completion of desired thought processTEXT 2The Planning Commission
23、 asserts that the needed reduction in acute hospital beds can best be accomplished by closing the smaller hospitals, mainly voluntary and proprietary. This strategy follows from the argument that closing entire institutions saves more money than closing the equivalent number of beds scattered throug
24、hout the health system.The issue is not that simple. Larger hospitals generally are designed to provide more complex care. Routine care at large hospitals costs more than the same care given at smaller hospitals. Therefore, closure of all the small hospitals would commit the city to paying considera
25、bly more for inpatient care delivered at acute care hospitals than would be the case with a mixture of large and small institutions. Since reimbursement rates at the large hospitals are now based on total costs, paying the large institutions a lower rate for routine care would simply raise the rates
26、 for complex care by a comparable amount. Such a reimbursement rate adjustment might make the charges for each individual case more accurately reflect the actual costs, but there would be not reduction in the total costs.There is some evidence that giant hospitals are not the most efficient. Service
27、 organizations and medical care remains largely a service industry - frequently find that savings of scale have an upper limit. Similarly, the quality of routine care in the very largest hospitals appears to be less than optimum. Also, the concentration of all hospital beds in a few locations may af
28、fect the access to care.Thus, simply closing the smaller hospitals will not necessarily save money or improve the quality of care.Since the fact remains that there are too many acute care hospital beds in the city, the problem is to devise a proper strategy for selecting and urging the closure of th
29、e excess beds, however many it may turn out to be.The closing of whole buildings within large medical centers had many of the cost advantages of closing the whole of small institutions, because the fixed costs can also be reduced in such cases. Unfortunately, many of the separate buildings at medica
30、l centers are special use facilities, the relocation of which is extremely costly. Still, a search should be made for such opportunities.The current lack of adequate ambulatory care facilities raises another possibility. Some floors or other large compact areas of hospitals could be transferred from
31、 inpatient to ambulatory uses. Reimbursement of ambulatory services is chaotic, but the problem is being addressed. The overhead associated with the entire hospital should not be charged even pro rata to the ambulatory facilities. Even if it were, the total cost would probably be less than that of b
32、uilding a new facility. Many other issues would also need study, especially the potential over-centralization of ambulatory services.The Planning Commission language seems to imply that one reason for closing smaller hospital is that they are “mainly voluntary and proprietary,” thus, preserving the
33、public hospital system by making the rest of the hospital system absorb the needed cuts. It is important to preserve the public hospital system for many reasons, but the issue should be faced directly and not hidden behind arguments about hospital size if indeed that was the meaning.6. The best titl
34、e for the passage would be _.A. Maintaining Adequate Hospital FacilitiesB. Defending the Public HospitalsC. Protecting the Proprietary and Voluntary HospitalsD. Economic Efficiency in Hospital Bed Closings7. The Planning Commission is accused by the author of being _.A. unfairB. foolishC. shortsight
35、edD. ignorant8. The authors purpose in discussing ambulatory care is to _.A. discuss alternatives to closing hospital bedsB. present a method of reducing the fiscal disadvantages of closing only parts of larger hospitalsC. help preserve the public hospital systemD. attack the inefficient use of spac
36、e on larger hospitals9. With which of the following is the author least likely to agree? A. A proposal to save costs in a prison system by building only very large prison complexes.B. A plan to stop the closing of any beds whatsoever in the city, until the costs of various alternatives can be fully
37、considered.C. A proposal by an architecture firm that new hospital buildings have centralized record systems.D. A mayoral commission being formed to study the plight of the elderly.10. How does the author feel that his suggestions for closing inpatient beds could impact on the ambulatory care system
38、?A. Ambulatory care costs will probably be reduced.B. A reduction of hospital beds will increase the demand for ambulatory services.C. Smaller hospitals will have to cut back ambulatory services to stay fiscally viable.D. The use as ambulatory facilities of the space made available in large hospital
39、s by bed closings might result in having too many ambulatory services based in large hospitals.TEXT 3Incidents like this are happening every day. A teacher in a college English course has returned a students theme on the subject of a poem. One sentence in the theme reads, “Like all of Keatss best wo
40、rk, the Ode to Autumn has a sensual quality that makes it especially appealing to me.” The instructors red pencil has underlined the word sensual, and in the margin he has written “Accurate?” or whatever his customary comment is in such cases. The student has checked the dictionary and comes back pu
41、zzled. “I dont see what you mean,” he says. “The dictionary says sensual means of or pertaining to the sense or physical sensation. And thats what I wanted to say. Keatss poem is filled with words and images that suggest physical sensation.”“Yes,” replies the instructor, “thats what the word meansac
42、cording to the dictionary.” And then he takes his copy of the American College Dictionary, which contains the definition the student quoted, and turns to the word sensual. “Look here,” he says, pointing to a passage in small type just after the various definitions of the word:SENSUAL, SENSUOUS refer
43、 to experience through the senses. SENSUAL refers, usually unfavorably, to the enjoyments derived from the senses, generally implying grossness or lewdness: a sensual delight in eating, sensual excesses. SENSUOUS refers, favorably or literally, to what is experienced through the senses: sensuous imp
44、ressions, sensuous poetry.The student reads the passage carefully and begins to see light. The word sensual carries with it a shade of meaning, an unfavorable implication, which he did not intend; the word he wanted was sensuous. He has had a useful lesson in the dangers of taking dictionary definit
45、ions uncritically, as well as in the vital difference between denotation and connotation.The difference between the two is succinctly phrased in another of those small-type paragraphs of explanation, taken this time from Websters New Collegiate Dictionary:Denote implies all that strictly belongs to
46、the definition of the word, connote all of the ideas that are suggested by the term; thus, “home” denotes the place where one lives with ones family, but it usually connotes comfort, intimacy, and privacy. The same implications distinguish denotation and connotation.The denotation of a word is its d
47、ictionary definition, which is what the word “stands for.” According to the dictionary, sensuous and sensual have the same general denotation: they agree in meaning “experience through the senses.” Yet they suggest different things. And that difference in suggestion constitutes a difference in conno
48、tation.Nothing is more essential to intelligent, profitable reading than sensitivity to connotation. Only when we possess such sensitivity can we understand both what the author means, which may be quite plain, and what he wants to suggest, which may actually be far more important than the superficial meaning. The difference between reading a book, a story, an essay, or a poem for surf
