1、2022-8-15周涛周涛1电力电子控制技术电力电子控制技术研究现状与前沿问题研究现状与前沿问题许建平许建平 教授教授西南交通大学西南交通大学 电气工程学院电气工程学院2022-8-15周涛周涛22022-8-15周涛周涛3开关开关DC-DC变换器控制方法变换器控制方法按检测信号分类按检测信号分类 Single loop control Voltage mode control Two loop control Current mode control Peak current control Average current control Charge control V2 Control
2、Multi loop control V2C control2022-8-15周涛周涛4开关开关DC-DC变换器控制方法变换器控制方法按占空比的实现方式按占空比的实现方式(调制方式调制方式)分类分类 开关开关DC-DC变换器控制的变换器控制的是是时间比率控制时间比率控制 定频控制定频控制 PWM 变频控制变频控制 PFM Constant ON time control Constant OFF time control Hysterics control2022-8-15周涛周涛52022-8-15周涛周涛6在后缘调制中，功率开关管在每个开关周期的开始导通，控控制开关关断的后缘制开关关断的后
3、缘它能够对导通时所发生的任何扰动立即做出反应如果扰动发生在关断状态，必须等到下一个开关周期才能做出反应,存在开通延迟存在开通延迟 后缘调制后缘调制按占空比调制方式分类_后后缘调制缘调制2022-8-15周涛周涛7按占空比调制方式分类_前缘调制前缘调制在前缘调制中，功率开关管在每个开关周期的开始关断，控制开关导通的前缘控制开关导通的前缘与后缘调制相比，前缘调制能够对关断时所发生的扰动进行反应同样地，如果扰动发生在导通时，那么也需要等到下一个开关周期才能进行处理,存在存在关断延迟关断延迟2022-8-15周涛周涛8按占空比调制方式分类按占空比调制方式分类 双缘调制双缘调制传统双缘调制的三角波电压V
4、Ramp 固定的：在前半个周期，VRamp下降；在后半个周期，VRamp上升。在前半个周期，R-S触发器控制 PWM 的前缘；在后半个周期控制，R-S触发器控制 PWM的后缘。这种调制方式仍然存在开通延时TD1（如左图）（如左图）和关断延时TD2，但双缘调制的开通延时和关断延时比单缘调制的短。2022-8-15周涛周涛9存在关断延时TD2（如右图）2022-8-15周涛周涛10Active Pulse Positioning Modulation SchemeDown-ramp signal VDown_Ramp is the same as the ramp in leading-edge
5、modulator.When the output of the error amplifier,i.e.VCOMP,is higher than the down-ramp signal,one pulse is generated to trigger the R-S flip-flop and start a PWM pulse at t1,as shown in Fig.7(b).Once PWM goes high,another ramp signal,i.e.VUp_Ramp in Fig.7(b),starts to increase with a fixed slew rat
6、e.When the up-ramp signal VUp_Ramp reaches the VCOMP signal,it will terminate the PWM pulse at t2.2022-8-15周涛周涛11Triangle vs.Sawtooth PWM WaveformIn a fixed frequency PWM using a sawtooth waveform,a switching decision is made once per switching period based on the control signal level at that instan
7、t when the decision is made.A second switching action is taken at the clock pulse of the sawtooth ramp,but this is not influenced by the control signal.Thus,the duty cycle is modulated according to a single control signal sample per switching cycle.With a triangular waveform,decisions to switch ON a
8、nd OFF are each made on the basis of separate intersections of the control signal vs.the triangular waveform.The argument in favor of the triangular waveform is that since two control signal samples are taken per switching period,the PWM should be able to handle twice small signal frequency as the s
9、awtooth PWM.Therefore a higher crossover frequency,greater bandwidth and improved performance should be attainable.2022-8-15周涛周涛12Voltage Mode Control电压型控制电路 Vsaw Ve VP iL 电压型控制主要波形图优点优点:只检测输出电压一个变量，只有一个控制环，设计和分析相对比较简单;由于锯齿波的幅值比较大，因此抗干扰能力比较强。缺点缺点:输入电压或输出电流的变化只能在输出电压改变时才能检测到并反馈回来进行纠正，因此响应速度比较慢;由于电压型控
10、制对负载电流没有限制，因而需要额外的电路来限制输出电流。2022-8-15周涛周涛132022-8-15周涛周涛14Peak Current Control 电流型控制电路电流型控制电路 VP VS Ve 时钟电流型控制主要波形图电流型控制主要波形图优点优点:相对于电压型控制方法有更快的输入更快的输入瞬态响应速度，提高了输出电压的稳压精度；自身具有限流的功能，易于实现变换器的过流保护，因而在多个电源并联时，更便于实现均流。工作原理工作原理：在每个周期开始时时钟信号使锁存器复位，开关管导通，开关电流由初始值线性增大，检测电阻Rs上的电压Vs也线性增大，当Vs增大到误差电压Ve时，比较器翻转，使锁
11、存器输出低电平，开关管关断,直到下一个时钟脉冲到来开始一个新的周期。2022-8-15周涛周涛15Average Current Control 工作原理工作原理:检测电流经电流积分器积分后与误差电压Ve相减，其差值与锯齿波比较生成控制脉宽驱动开关。优点优点:提高了电流的控制精度，抗干扰性强2022-8-15周涛周涛16 V2 Control 时钟 VP VS Vc V2控制控制Buck变换器波形图变换器波形图 V2控制控制Buck变换器电路图变换器电路图 工作原理工作原理-在每一个开关周期开始时，时钟信号使锁存器复位、开关管导通，电感电流iL由初始值线性增大。对于开关频率的信号，电容C支路的
12、阻抗远远小于负载R的阻抗，该变化的电感纹波电流完全流经电容C，通过滤波电容的等效串联电阻RE给滤波电容充电，从而在RE上产生与电感电流斜率相同的压降。由于电容C的容量很大，其电压Vcap可认为恒定不变，则内环的检测电压为 ,当VS增大到误差电压Vc时，比较器翻转，从而使锁存器输出低电平，开关管关断，电感电流线性下降，直到下一个时钟脉冲信号到来，开始一个新的开关周期。SLEcapVi RV 2022-8-15周涛周涛17 V2C Control V2C控制控制Buck变换器电路图变换器电路图 时钟 VP VS Vc V2C控制控制Buck变换器波形图变换器波形图2022-8-15周涛周涛18Hy
13、steretic Control 滞环控制主要波形图滞环控制主要波形图滞环控制原理图滞环控制原理图滞环控制滞环控制，也称为bang-bang控制或纹波调节器控制，滞环控制是一种单环、变频的控制方法。滞环控制将输出电压维持在内部参考电压为中心的滞环宽度内：V=VH-VL。2022-8-15周涛周涛19 iL vo iL vo With sub-harmonics oscillation Without sub-harmonics oscillation Sub-harmonics oscillation in ripple-based control2022-8-15周涛周涛20 With su
14、b-harmonics oscillationSlope CompensationWithout sub-harmonics oscillation 2022-8-15周涛周涛21 Control techniques with slow load transientControl techniques that do not sense the load current or its changes directly,and so do not feed-forward or feed back this signal.This is group-control with a“slow”fe
15、edback loop,because it senses the disturbance caused by the load current indirectly and uses this signal in the main feedback loop.This group improves the dynamic response by increasing the unity-gain-frequency bandwidth.Control techniques with fast load transientThe control techniques that does sen
16、se the output current transient directly or through the related change of the output voltage and uses this signal in a fast feedback loop or feed-forwards it to improve the transient response.The main examples of this group are：V2mode and V2C-mode control techniques.Control approaches that do not ha
17、ve a fast feedback loop(which senses the load-current transient directly)require at least a few switching cycles until they start to change the duty cycle and to respond to a transient.This delay is caused by their low unity gain bandwidth of the compensation circuitry compared to the switching freq
18、uency.2022-8-15周涛周涛22 Dependence of Transient on Switching Cycle Position The output-voltage transient response depends on where the load-current transient occurs within the switching cycle.If the load current steps down,the excessive energy stored in an output inductor is delivered to the output ca
19、pacitor.The worst case for the step-down transition occurs if the transient takes place at the end of a conduction time of high-side FET,because the inductor current is at its maximum.At that moment the inductor stores the maximum energy,while the output ripple voltage also is at its maximum.So the
20、effect of transient is most significant at that moment,causing greater output voltage spikes than at any other moment.In contrast,the worst case for the step-up transition occurs if the transient happens at the end of the switching cycle,because the inductor current and output voltage ripple are at
21、their minimum at that moment.Only the output capacitor supplies the load during the step-up transient,while the inductor must restore its energy and current to the new load-current level.2022-8-15周涛周涛23 Dependence of Transient on Switching Cycle Position Worst case:Transient occurs at the end of the
22、 upper FETs conduction time.Best case:Transient occurs at the end of the switching cycle.Output voltage(bottom curve)and inductor current(dashed)waveforms for the different instants when the load-current(top,solid)step-down transition occurs.2022-8-15周涛周涛24 缺点：缺点：无法实现单独精确控制多输出多输出DC-DC隔离式普通结构的多输出DC-D
23、C2022-8-15周涛周涛25 单电感多开关多输出单电感多开关多输出DC-DC 2022-8-15周涛周涛26 Single-Inductor Dual-Output（SIDO）当满足条件当满足条件：120.5bbDD120.5aaDD2022-8-15周涛周涛27 Single-Inductor Multiple-Output（SIMO2022-8-15周涛28电压型PT控制SIDO Buck变换器 电压型PT控制SIDO DCM Buck变换器控制框图电压型PT控制SIDO DCM Buck变换器控制时序图2022-8-15周涛周涛29 2022-8-15周涛周涛30 Programma
24、bility Elimination of discrete Component tuning2022-8-15周涛周涛31 2022-8-15周涛32 Dual-Mode System2022-8-15周涛周涛33 2022-8-15周涛周涛34 2022-8-15周涛周涛35 2022-8-15周涛周涛36 2022-8-15周涛周涛37 2022-8-15周涛周涛38 Importance of efficiency improvement:By dynamically changing the operation of the overall power system,it is po
25、ssible to achieve 4 5%gain in efficiency especially at lighter loads.By using digital technology,it is possible to change the operation of the power system in real time.Efficiency Improvement2022-8-15周涛周涛39 Boost Voltage VariationThe efficiency difference of power factor correction over a wide range
26、 of AC input could be 3 to 4%depending on the set point of the Boost voltage.It is highest near the peak of the input AC source voltage.Continues monitor the AC input voltage and sets the Boost voltage slightly above the peak of the AC input voltage to improve the efficiency.2022-8-15周涛周涛40 Envelop
27、Followed Power Supply 2022-8-15周涛周涛41 Burst Mode OperationCertain converters operate very inefficiently at light load conditions.Based on the input power drawn,the switcher goes into a burst mode to improve the efficiency.Lighter the load,lower will be the burst mode frequency.Therefore at very ligh
28、t load,the switching losses can be minimized and thus the overall efficiency improved.Phase Shedding It improves the efficiency by dropping certain number of phases in a multiphase regulator depending on the instructions from the processor and other devices in a system.The instruction is a function
29、of the load for the devices.This could be called power on demand operation Gate Drive Voltage VariationFor light load conditions,the switching losses dominate and a regulator driven by lower gate voltage could make a 2 3%difference in efficiency.If the gate voltage for light load condition is reduce
30、d from 12V to 5V,the efficiency improvement is 67%.An algorithm based on the power drawn can modify the gate voltages and thus achieve a much higher efficiency.2022-8-15周涛周涛42 Redundant OperationA redundant power system in general has a lower efficiency due to duplication of fixed overhead.Therefore
31、,for light load conditions,most of the redundant functions are to be disabled to conserver power,and enable them only when the output power reaches to a critical threshold point.MOSFET as a Current Sense Device A digital firmware can store a lookup table for accurate MOSFET resistance to account for temperature and component tolerances.Thus the MOSFET resistance can be used without any additional cost and extra dissipation.In an overall power system this could make almost 1%efficiency difference.2022-8-15周涛周涛43 2022-8-15周涛周涛44=98%效率、PF=0.999的无桥PFC2022-8-15周涛周涛45 数字控制无桥PFC
