1、Chapter 2Part 1INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORYChapter 2Basic Analytical Tools1.General Equilibrium Analysis一般均衡法一般均衡法1)GEA means analyzing two or more than two related markets at the same time(eg.Export Market and Import Market,Goods Market and Factor Market)2)We usually use the as the basic tools in the
2、 general equilibrium analysis of international trade.2.Partial Equilibrium Analysis局部均衡法局部均衡法 1)PEA means only analyzing single market in one time2)We usually use the Demand Curve and the Supply Curve as the basic tools in the partial equilibrium analysis.Chapter 2General Equilibrium Analysis1.Suppl
3、y Side:Production Possibility Frontier(PPF)生产可能性曲线生产可能性曲线 国际贸易实际上是国际市场上的供给（出口）与需求（进口）问国际贸易实际上是国际市场上的供给（出口）与需求（进口）问题。为了研究一国能够出口什么，需要进口什么，我们必须先研题。为了研究一国能够出口什么，需要进口什么，我们必须先研究一国的生产能力。在经济学中，为了表现整个国家的能生产什究一国的生产能力。在经济学中，为了表现整个国家的能生产什么，我们常常使用一种称为么，我们常常使用一种称为“生产可能性曲线生产可能性曲线”的图形。的图形。2.Demand Side:Community In
4、difference Curves(CIC)社会无差异曲线社会无差异曲线 虽然在一个国家或经济社会里，每个人都有自己的消费偏好，很虽然在一个国家或经济社会里，每个人都有自己的消费偏好，很难找到一组能反映每一个消费者满足程度的无差异曲线，但我们难找到一组能反映每一个消费者满足程度的无差异曲线，但我们仍然能用一幅反映平均消费效用的或反映大多数人消费偏好的无仍然能用一幅反映平均消费效用的或反映大多数人消费偏好的无差异曲线图来分析，我们称之为差异曲线图来分析，我们称之为“社会无差异曲线社会无差异曲线”。社会无差。社会无差异曲线反映一国的平均消费偏好。异曲线反映一国的平均消费偏好。Chapter 2 P
5、roduction Possibility Frontier1.Conception:PPF:Points describing alternative combinations of output levels（生产组合）（生产组合）for two different products to be produced by given resources（既定（既定的资源条件）的资源条件）生产可能性曲线生产可能性曲线（Production Possibility Frontier,简称简称PPFPPF）表明一个国家在充分和有效地使用其所有资）表明一个国家在充分和有效地使用其所有资源时能生产的各
6、种商品数量的组合。源时能生产的各种商品数量的组合。QRQwPPFABCDEThe shape of PPF is decided by the opportunity of cost of goods。Chapter 2Opportunity Cost and PPF1.Opportunity Cost(机会成本机会成本)The cost of an activity in terms of sacrificed next best alternative uses of the assets involved.Can also be formulated as“amount of produ
7、ct 2 we must give up to produce a unit of product 1”.（生产一单位商品（生产一单位商品1所必须放弃的生产商品所必须放弃的生产商品2的的数量）数量）Chapter 2Opportunity Cost and PPF1.1.假设有大米（假设有大米（Rice）和小麦（）和小麦（Wheat）两种商品。）两种商品。那么，大米的那么，大米的“机会成本机会成本”就是为了多生产一单就是为了多生产一单位大米而必须放弃小麦的数量（位大米而必须放弃小麦的数量（QW/QR）。）。2.2.从几何概念讲，这也是从几何概念讲，这也是PPFPPF的斜率。的斜率。PPFQRQ
8、wBCQRQwChapter 2QCConstant CostsQCDecreasing CostsQCIncreasing CostsQCQwPPFQCQwPPFQwQCPPF机会成本可以是不变的、递增的或递减的。相应地，生产可机会成本可以是不变的、递增的或递减的。相应地，生产可能性曲线也就出现了直线的、外凸的或里凹的不同形状能性曲线也就出现了直线的、外凸的或里凹的不同形状.Chapter 2Community Indifference Curve（社会无差异曲线）Higher Satisfaction the points describing same level of satisfac
9、tion(or utility)by given resource.Chapter 2GE under Autarky(PPF with constant opportunity costs)PPFQRQWQR1QW1Chapter 2Partial Equilibrium Analysis1.1.在局部均衡分析中，我们只分析在局部均衡分析中，我们只分析某个具体某个具体的商品市场或要素市场的商品市场或要素市场的情况，如中国的的情况，如中国的大米市场或中国的小麦市场，而不是同时大米市场或中国的小麦市场，而不是同时分析这两个市场。分析这两个市场。2.Partial Equilibrium unde
10、r autarky3.Partial Equilibrium under open economyChapter 2Partial Equilibrium under autarkyQRPR/PW0SD231shortsurplusChapter 2Commodity markets in an OpenEconomy3X2MQRPRDSUSQRPRWorld MarketQRPRDSChina32Chapter 21.在本书的在本书的“国际贸易理论国际贸易理论”中，我们主要中，我们主要运用一般均衡的分析方法来分析贸易利得，运用一般均衡的分析方法来分析贸易利得，表现为表现为；2.在本书的在本书
11、的“国际贸易政策国际贸易政策”中，我们将运中，我们将运用局部均衡的方法来分析贸易利得，表现用局部均衡的方法来分析贸易利得，表现为为Chapter 2Comparative Advantage ModelCHAPTER 2Chapter 2Limitation of the Smiths ModelHomeForeignLabor100100GoodsCloth10080Wheat50100Produc-tivityClothWheatIn this case,Foreign has the absolute advantage in both goods(it is very common f
12、or a developed country to have absolute advantages in most sectors).According to the Smith theory,there will be no trade.(Really?)15010.51.51Chapter 2Comparative Advantage Theory1.David Ricardo2.Comparative Advantage3.Ricardos Model4.Discussion 1:Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Chapter 2D
13、avid Ricardo(1772-1823)1.He was born in London and was the third of 17 children.2.had little formal education and went to work for his father at the age of 14,successfully.3.at the age of 27,turned his attention to economic.4.One of the greatest political economists.Chapter 2 “Principles of Politica
14、l Economy,and Taxation”Chapter 2自由贸易政策的初次尝试1.从亚当从亚当斯密以后的短时期间，英国人口斯密以后的短时期间，英国人口的实际增长使谷物需求超过了供给，使的实际增长使谷物需求超过了供给，使一蒲式耳小麦的价格涨了三倍。于是有一蒲式耳小麦的价格涨了三倍。于是有胆量的商人进口国外的小麦和燕麦。胆量的商人进口国外的小麦和燕麦。2.海外来的廉价谷物泛滥市场是地主们所海外来的廉价谷物泛滥市场是地主们所难以忍受的。他们控制议会通过了难以忍受的。他们控制议会通过了，对谷物的进口规定了一个有伸，对谷物的进口规定了一个有伸缩性的税收制度，国外价格越低，则征缩性的税收制度，国外
15、价格越低，则征税越高。税越高。3.谷物价格飞涨！一蒲式耳小麦的售价等谷物价格飞涨！一蒲式耳小麦的售价等于一个工人的每周全部工资的两倍。于一个工人的每周全部工资的两倍。Chapter 2李嘉图认为：李嘉图认为：谷物价格上升会使地主地租收入上升，农业谷物价格上升会使地主地租收入上升，农业工人收入上升，同时生活费用上升，工厂工人工工人收入上升，同时生活费用上升，工厂工人工资上升，资本家的利润下降，导致资本积累减少。资上升，资本家的利润下降，导致资本积累减少。所以所以李嘉图认为必须废除李嘉图认为必须废除谷物法谷物法实行自实行自由贸易。出口工业制成品，进口国外价格低廉的由贸易。出口工业制成品，进口国外价
16、格低廉的生活必需品，提高国内生活必需品的供给生活必需品，提高国内生活必需品的供给 ，使，使工资水平下降，利润水平提高，积累增加，社会工资水平下降，利润水平提高，积累增加，社会财富增加。财富增加。Chapter 222$25$25$30$Chapter 2Family Income5*25=1255*30=1505*22=1105*25=1255100*25=010*30=30010*22=2200*25=052010*25=2500*30=00*22=010*25=250500Chapter 2Best Cooperation in Family1.So,the best division o
17、f labor in one family is that women doing housework and men going out for work.2.“两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻。两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻。”3.Women have comparative advantage in housework,and men have comparative advantage in out-house-work.Chapter 2Ricardos ModelBasic AssumptionsPPFOpportunity CostRelative PriceDifference
18、in relative priceInternational Trade under comparative advantageGain from TradeChapter 2Basic Assumptions1.One input(单一要素单一要素):Labor(L)2.Two outputs:Wine(Qw)and Cheese(Qc)3.Two countries:Home and Foreign(*)4.Costs are constant and there are no economies of scale.5.Factors of production are perfectly
19、 mobile（生产（生产要素完全流动）要素完全流动）.6.Other assumptions:1)Goods are identical（产品同质）（产品同质）.2)Perfect knowledge（信息完全）（信息完全）.3)No transport costs（没有运输成本）（没有运输成本）.4)No tariffs or other trade barriers（没有贸易壁垒）（没有贸易壁垒）.Chapter 2QCQWHomes PPF:aLCQC+aLwQw L当本国完全生产奶酪时，当本国完全生产奶酪时，QC=L/aLC当本国完全生产葡萄酒时，当本国完全生产葡萄酒时，QW=L/a
20、LWL/aLW L/aLCSlop of PPF(斜率斜率)：aLC/aLW生产一单位奶酪的机会成本是：生产一单位奶酪的机会成本是：QW/QC=aLC/aLW=Chapter 2Foreigns PPF:a*LCQ*C+a*LwQ*w L*Q*CQ*WL*/a*LW L*/a*LCSlop of PPF*(斜率斜率)：a*LC/a*LW 当外国完全生产奶酪时，当外国完全生产奶酪时，Q*C=L*/a*LC当外国完全生产葡萄酒时，当外国完全生产葡萄酒时，Q*W=L*/a*LW外国生产一单位奶酪的机会成本是：外国生产一单位奶酪的机会成本是：Q*W/Q*C=a*LC/a*LW=Chapter 2opp
21、ortunity cost&relative priceIn the autarky,both countries have to produce both goods for themselves.Lets consider the wage of labor in both sector：WC=PCMPLC;WW=PW MPLW WC=PC/aLC;WW=PW/aLWThere must be WC=WW,because labor are perfectly mobile So,PC/aLC=PW/aLW PC/PW=aLC/aLW Chapter 2PC/PW=aLC/aLWIn a
22、competitive economy,only when the relative price of goods（PC/PW）equal to the opportunity cost of goods（aLC/aLw）,will the labors produce both goods.在一个自由竞争的封闭社会，只有当两种在一个自由竞争的封闭社会，只有当两种商品的相对价格等于它们的机会成本时，商品的相对价格等于它们的机会成本时，劳动者才会同时生产这两种商品。劳动者才会同时生产这两种商品。Chapter 2Relative Price Difference(相对价格差)本国奶酪的相对价格本
23、国奶酪的相对价格PC/PW aLC/aLw外国奶酪的相对价格外国奶酪的相对价格P*C/P*W a*LC/a*LwIf there is relative price difference between the Home and the Foreign,international trade may happen.如果本国奶酪的相对价格如果本国奶酪的相对价格外国奶酪的相对价格外国奶酪的相对价格 aLC/aLw a*LC/a*LwHome will has the comparative advantage in CheeseChapter 2aLC/aLw a*LC/a*LwQCQWL/aLW
24、 L/aLCSlop：aLC/aLWHomeQ*CQ*WL*/a*LW L*/a*LCSlop：a*LC/a*LW Foreign从图形上直观地看，当本国从图形上直观地看，当本国PPF斜率小于外国斜率小于外国PPF斜率（较平坦）时，斜率（较平坦）时，本国在奶酪上有比较优势本国在奶酪上有比较优势Chapter 22004我国农产品贸易首现贸逆差我国农产品贸易首现贸逆差据海关统计据海关统计分析，我国分析，我国农产品进口农产品进口增幅大大超增幅大大超过出口增幅，过出口增幅，农产品贸易农产品贸易由由2003年同年同期顺差期顺差19.4亿亿美元转变为美元转变为逆差逆差55亿美亿美元。元。Chapter
25、2从海关统计数据从海关统计数据来看，高额逆差来看，高额逆差的产生主要缘自的产生主要缘自三大农产品进口三大农产品进口数量的增加：一数量的增加：一是谷物类，二是是谷物类，二是作为工业原料的作为工业原料的棉花和糖，三是棉花和糖，三是近年来出口快速近年来出口快速增长的畜禽产品。增长的畜禽产品。Chapter 21.According to Ricardos Rule,each country should specialize in and export the product in which it has a comparative advantage (各个国家应专业生产并出口那些他们具有比各个
26、国家应专业生产并出口那些他们具有比较优势的产品）较优势的产品）2.In this case,Home should be specialized in production of cheese and Foreign should produce wine.International Trade under the comparative advantage Chapter 2Determining the Relative Price after Trade奶酪的世界相对奶酪的世界相对价格，价格，(PC/PW)w奶酪的相对产奶酪的相对产量，量，QC/QC+WaLC/aLWa*LC/a*LW1
27、.Supply Side(Relative Supply):1).(PC/PW)w aLC/aLW,no countries want to produce cheese2).(PC/PW)w aLC/aLW,Home indifference to both goods 3).aLC/aLW (PC/PW)w a*LC/a*LW,Home specialized in cheese,and Foreign specialized in wine 4).(PC/PW)w=aLC/aLW,Foreign indifference to both goods5).(PC/PW)w a*LC/a*L
28、W,both countries specialized in cheeseRSRDRDChapter 2Specializations&Trade(专业化生产与国际贸易专业化生产与国际贸易)The normal result of trade is that the relative price of a traded goods ended up somewhere in between its pretrade levels in the two countries.aLC/aLw(PC/PW)w a*LC/a*LwChapter 2Will the trade mutual benef
29、icial?The mutual gain can be demonstrated in two ways(两种方法可以证明两种方法可以证明):1)think of trade as an indirect method of production:Now,there is 1 hour labor,Home can produce 1/aLw wine,orHome can produce 1/aLC cheese and export it for wine,(1/aLC)(PC/PW)w (1/aLC)PC/PW=(1/aLC)aLC/aLw =1/aLwThat shows that
30、Home can“produce”wine more efficiently by making cheese and trading it.Chapter 2Will the trade mutual beneficial?2)to examine how trade affects each countrys possibilities for consumption:QCQWL/aLW L/aLCPretrade:aLC/aLWHome 贸易后的专贸易后的专业化生产点业化生产点贸易后相对价格线贸易后相对价格线贸易扩大了各国消费选择的贸易扩大了各国消费选择的范围，因此提高了各国居民范围，因
31、此提高了各国居民的福利水平。的福利水平。Chapter 2Example1.Which country has the comparative advantage in cloth?And which country has the comparative advantage in wheat?2.Please show the effects of trade according to the comparative advantage theory.HomeForeignLabor100100GoodsCloth10080Wheat50100150Chapter 2First Step:P
32、PFRelative PriceHomeForeignQcQW05010050PPFPC/PW=0.5PPFP*C/P*W=0.67QRQW05010050100150Chapter 2Second Step:Comparative Advantage Trade PatternBecause 0.5=PC/PW P*C/P*W=0.67 Home has advantage in cloth;Foreign has advantage in wheat.So,Home should specialize in and export cloth,and Foreign should speci
33、alize in and export wheat.PC/PW(PC/PW)w P*C/P*WChapter 2Third Step:gain from trade1)think of trade as an indirect method of production:In autarky,Home can use 100 labor produce 50 wheat;Now,home specialize in producing 100 cloth;Assume(PC/PW)W=0.6,100 cloth can be exchange to 60 wheat,which more tha
34、n producing by itself.Chapter 2Third Step:gain from trade2)to examine how trade affects each countrys possibilities for consumption:PC/PW=0.5HomeQcQW0501005060(PC/PW)w=0.6社会无差异曲线的右移代表社会无差异曲线的右移代表社会满足程度（福利的提高）社会满足程度（福利的提高）Chapter 2Discussion 1：Misconceptions about CA1.Productivity and Competitiveness
35、(劳动劳动生产率和竞争力）生产率和竞争力）2.The Pauper Labor Argument（贫民劳（贫民劳动论）动论）3.Exploitation（剥削）（剥削）Chapter 2EvaluationAlfred Marshall,1842-1924“That doctrine.established by Ricardo.I do not know that any person has shaken it in the least,in fact,I do not myself believe that it has ever been seriously attacked by anyone who has taken the trouble to understand it”
