1、Chapter One Chapter One Introduction to English RhetoricIntroduction to English Rhetoric English RhetoricEnglish Rhetoric1Page 2Contents of This ChapterContents of This Chapter.About the Course.About the Course.Definition of Rhetoric.Definition of Rhetoric.Classification of Rhetoric.Classification o
2、f Rhetoric.Purpose of learning rhetoric.Purpose of learning rhetoric.Arrangement and Requirements.Arrangement and RequirementsPage 31.Optional course of English Major1.Optional course of English Major2.Learners:2.Learners:Seniors of English Major Seniors of English Major3.Main content:3.Main content
3、:About the Course About the CourseuGeneral idea about English rhetoricGeneral idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their
4、on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and applicationtheories and applicationuCommunicative rhetoricCommunicative rhetoric the choice of wordsthe choice of words,the choice of the choice of sentences sentences,paragraph and,paragraph and essay construction essay constructionuAes
5、thetic rhetoric:Aesthetic rhetoric:figures of speech (phonetic,syntactic,figures of speech (phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)semantic,logic)Page 44.Assessment:4.Assessment:Exam Exam Total grades=20%of Regular Grades+80%of the Final Exam*Regular Grades consists of 10%of class attendance and 10%of as
6、signments5.5.Text BookText Book 胡曙中：现代英语修辞学，上海外语教育出版社，2011年9月第1版6.Reference Books6.Reference Books黄 任：英语修辞与写作，上海外语教育出版社，1999.张秀国：英语修辞学，清华大学出版社、北京交通大 学出版社，2005 李鑫华：英语修辞格详论，上海外语教育出版社，2000Page 5Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim
7、of it.it.-Ancient Greek wall inscriptionHistories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,Histories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.rhetoric,able to contend.
8、-Francis Bacon Definition of Rhetoric Definition of RhetoricPage 6Plato and AristotlePlato and AristotleThe study of rhetoric goes back The study of rhetoric goes back to to ancient Greeceancient Greece,when speakers,when speakers began to practice the art of began to practice the art of persuasion
9、in courts of law.The persuasion in courts of law.The a n c i e n t s r e a l i z e d t h a t a n c i e n t s r e a l i z e d t h a t presentation is as important,or presentation is as important,or perhaps more important,as facts.perhaps more important,as facts.Page 72.1 Origin of Western Rhetoric2.1
10、 Origin of Western RhetoricIt is said that the“art of rhetoric”originated in It is said that the“art of rhetoric”originated in SyracuseSyracuse锡拉库扎锡拉库扎(意大意大利西西里岛东部一港市利西西里岛东部一港市),a Greek colony on the island of Sicily,in about),a Greek colony on the island of Sicily,in about 465 B.C465 B.C.When the d
11、ictators on the island were overthrown and.When the dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established,people went to court to claim the ownership of democracy was established,people went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the dictato
12、rs reign.the land which had been taken from them during the dictators reign.However,the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in However,the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today.court
13、 instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today.Therefore,the rhetoric came into being to“make the best possible case Therefore,the rhetoric came into being to“make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury”(Hu Shuzhong,2011:433).and to represent it pe
14、rsuasively to the jury”(Hu Shuzhong,2011:433).Probate court 遗嘱检验法庭Page 8Page 9 Over the years the word“rhetoric”has taken on a wide range of meaning.Negative connotations:Negative connotations:skillful,but often deceptive,eloquence a fraudulent practice to deal exclusively with language,rather than
15、with ideasPage 10 Positive connotations:Positive connotations:Historically,“rhetoric”had positive connotations,suggesting a commendable skill with wordsa commendable skill with words.Today rhetoric,as it was in history,is something that people have to resort to.Rhetoric is generally understood as a
16、tool or a method.Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about.talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about.As a tool,rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad.As a tool,rhetoric
17、is inherently neither good or bad.A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.Page 11Page 12 1.Cold war diplomacy and rhetoricrhetoric 2.As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow,it may be time for the fourth RRhetoricRhetoricto
18、 reenter the classroom.3.Campaign promises have proved to be empty rhetoricrhetoric.4.Despite their tough anti-American rhetoricrhetoric,the government is privately trying to maintain good relations with the U.S.5.the rhetoricrhetoric of filmDiscuss:Discuss:Identify the different meanings of“rhetori
19、c”in the following Identify the different meanings of“rhetoric”in the following phrases/sentences:phrases/sentences:辞令辞令修辞学修辞学花言巧语花言巧语电影的修辞艺术电影的修辞艺术言论言论Page 132.4 Definitions of rhetoric2.4 Definitions of rhetoricThe word“rhetoric”has been defined differently.a.The study and practice of effective co
20、mmunication.b.The study of the effects of texts on audiences.c.The art of persuasion.d.An insincere eloquence intended to win points and manipulate mnipjuleit others.现代英语修辞学研究的是人类使用符号互相交流的能力，这种能力是人类所持有的，人类使用符号来构建自己的世界，来认识自我，来和其他人一起互动，使生活更有意义。Page 14 通过对语言材料的选择、调整、修饰，使语言美化，更好地交流思想，表情达意。所谓“调整”，主要指依据题旨
21、(subject)情境(occasion/context)的需要，对词语、句式、段落篇章作恰当地选择和安排；所谓“修饰”，主要指恰当地选择一些修辞手段、修辞方法，增强语言表达的艺术效能。调整的目的，就是要求语言准确、鲜明，没有丝毫的模糊，也没有丝毫的歧义，使人家清楚、明白。-杨鸿儒杨鸿儒当代中国修辞学当代中国修辞学Page 15 RhetoricRhetoric is the art of ruling the minds of men.“(Plato)(Plato)RhetoricRhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in a
22、ny given case the available means of persuasion.“(Aristotle,(Aristotle,RhetoricRhetoric)RhetoricRhetoric is the art of speaking well.“(Quintilian)(Quintilian)eloquence to persuade their fellows of the truth of what they had discovered by reason (Cicero)(Cicero)Histories make men wise;poets,witty;the
23、 mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoricrhetoric,able to contend.“(Francis Bacon)(Francis Bacon)读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩.一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。Definitions in the pastDefini
24、tions in the pastPage 16Definitions in dictionaries published in the twentieth Definitions in dictionaries published in the twentieth centurycentury“the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others;the body of rules to be observed by a speaker or writer in order that he may express hi
25、mself with eloquence”The Oxford English Dictionary,1933“the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing,especially of literary composition”Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language,1972“the art of persuasive or impressive speaking or writing;language designed to per
26、suade or impress(but perhaps insincere or exaggerated)”The Concise Oxford Dictionary,1982“language used to persuade or influence people,especially by politicians;the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people”Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,1995Page 17 Classifications of r
27、hetoric Classifications of rhetoric（1 1）Theoretical rhetoricTheoretical rhetoric（理论修辞）（理论修辞）and practical and practical rhetoricrhetoric（实践修辞）（实践修辞）:Theoretical rhetoric deals with theoretical problems of Theoretical rhetoric deals with theoretical problems of rhetoric;rhetoric;Practical rhetoric he
28、lps us improve our ability to use the Practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.English language effectively.（2 2）Communicative rhetoricCommunicative rhetoric（交际修辞）（交际修辞）and and aesthetic rhetoricaesthetic rhetoric（美学修辞）（美学修辞）Page 18u Communicative rheto
29、ric:Communicative rhetoric:（passive rhetoric)passive rhetoric)Emphasizes the choice of words and phrases,and selection of sentence patterns,organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly,more accurately and more appropriately and the best result
30、s are achieved in communication.Rhetoric of words(the choice of words);Rhetoric of words(the choice of words);Rhetoric of sentence(the choice of sentences);Rhetoric of sentence(the choice of sentences);Rhetoric of paragraphs(the arrangement of paragraphs);Rhetoric of paragraphs(the arrangement of pa
31、ragraphs);Rhetoric of discouse(the discursive(Rhetoric of discouse(the discursive(推论的，论证的推论的，论证的)patterns)patterns)Page 19E.g.E.g.a:a:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上戴着戴着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。b:b:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上吊着吊着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。c:c:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上挂着挂着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。d:d:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上缀着缀着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。e:e:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上镶着镶着两只金色的大耳环
32、。两只金色的大耳环。f:f:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上摇着摇着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。We are very busy and have to be on time by taking school bus every day.We are awfully busy and have to be punctuate by shuttle bus every day.We are as busy as bees,and have to be accurate like a space shuttle as commuters every day.Page 20例如：在例如：在Elizabe
33、th RazziElizabeth Razzi写的题为写的题为10 Ways to Lose Pounds 10 Ways to Lose Pounds 的文章中，的文章中，“减减肥肥”的表达竟有的表达竟有8 8种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：1.Try to 1.Try to shed a few extra poundsshed a few extra pounds?2.Studies show these efforts may 2.Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quicklyshave off t
34、he pounds quickly.3.Here are ten simple strategies that can help 3.Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forevermelt away your fat forever.4.like a logical way to 4.like a logical way to peel off a few poundspeel off a few pounds.5.roughly the amount needed to 5.roughly the
35、 amount needed to burn off one poundburn off one pound.6.You must eat less to 6.You must eat less to lose weightlose weight.7.A key obstacle to 7.A key obstacle to dropping extra poundsdropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking.is after-dinner snacking.8.10 Ways to 8.10 Ways to Lose PoundsLose P
36、ounds.以上以上8 8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。Page 21One more exampleOne more example English offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities and interests.When we say a man is walking,we can also say that a man is marching,pacing,patrolling,stalking,striding,treading,tramping
37、,stepping out,prancing,strutting,prowling,plodding,strolling,shuffling,staggering,sidling,trudging,toddling,rambling,roaming,sauntering,meandering,lounging,loitering,or creeping.But each of them conveys to us a slightly different meaning.No matter which word we use,it should match our thought and su
38、it to the occasion.Page 22 stalk:stalk:高视阔步高视阔步,大踏步走大踏步走 stride:stride:大踏步走大踏步走;跨过跨过 tread:tread:步行于步行于,在在上走上走;踩踩(烂烂),),践踏践踏 trudge trudge tr trd d:v.v.沉重地走沉重地走,蹒跚地走蹒跚地走 prance prance pr:ns pr:ns v.v.腾跃腾跃,欢跃欢跃,昂首阔步昂首阔步 shuffleshuffle fl:fl:拖曳拖曳,慢吞吞地走慢吞吞地走 Sidle Sidle saidl:saidl:v.(v.(偷偷地偷偷地)侧身而行侧身而
39、行 sauntersaunter s s:nt:nt:v.v.闲逛闲逛,漫步漫步 loungelounge laund laund:v.v.闲荡闲荡,懒洋洋地躺卧懒洋洋地躺卧 loiterloiter l lit it:v.v.闲荡闲荡,虚度虚度,徘徊徘徊 creepcreep kri:p:v.kri:p:v.爬爬,徐行徐行,蠕动蠕动Page 23uAesthetic rhetoric:(active rhetoric)Aesthetic rhetoric:(active rhetoric)Figures of speech Figures of speechPhonetic figures
40、of speech(sounds);Phonetic figures of speech(sounds);Syntactic figures of speech(structures);Syntactic figures of speech(structures);Semantic figures of speech(meanings)Semantic figures of speech(meanings)Logical figures of speech(reason)Logical figures of speech(reason)Alliteration,assonance,conson
41、ance,onomatopoeia,Alliteration,assonance,consonance,onomatopoeia,Repetition,anaphora,parallelism,antithesis,Repetition,anaphora,parallelism,antithesis,Climax,anticlimax,rhetorical question,Climax,anticlimax,rhetorical question,Simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,Simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,A
42、llegory,allusion,hyperbole,understatement,Allegory,allusion,hyperbole,understatement,Irony,oxymoron,Irony,oxymoron,Page 24Communicative rhetoricconcise(简洁)clear(清楚)precise/exact(精确)coherent(流畅)expressive(富于表现力)Aesthetic rhetoricvivid(生动)-To form a picture in your mind.colorfulexpressivePage 25有学者指出：
43、修辞修辞与语法语法、逻辑逻辑的关系：语法语法研究语言的结构规律；逻辑逻辑研究思维形式和思维规律；修辞修辞研究如何根据需要有效地使用语言，强化语言信息、提升语言感染力、增强语言表达效果的一种艺术，一种说话、写文章得体、优美、有效的“美言美言术术”。也就是说：语法语法管的是“通不通”，逻辑逻辑管的是“对不对”，修辞学修辞学管的是“好不好”。RhetoricRhetoric、Grammar and LogicGrammar and LogicPage 26 Purpose of learning rhetoric Purpose of learning rhetoric 1)To improve o
44、ur ability to polish our writing.Best choice of words Best choice of sentence constructions Appropriate use of figures of speech2)To improve our ability of analysis and appreciation.3)To improve our ability of comprehension and translation.4)To improve our flexible ability by rhetorical transformati
45、on.Page 27ExampleExample A invites B out to dinner,but B cant make it because he has another engagement.What would B say?Here are two versions:l(1)“Im sorry I cant.I have no time.Im engaged.”l(2)“Thats very kind of you,but Im afraid I cant make it because I have another engagement.Thank you all the
46、same.”Page 28 Arrangement and Requirements Arrangement and Requirements Schedule (6 weeks)Introduction (2 credit hours)Development of Rhetoric (2 credit hours)Communicative Rhetoric(2 credit hours)Aesthetic Rhetoric(4 credit hours)Revision(2 credit hours)Class attendance and participation Note-takin
47、gPage 29AssignmentAssignmentSuppose you need to write two letters of thanks,one of which is to an old friend,the other to a new business partner.You may compose the bodies of your letters as follows:l(1)“Im writing to thank you for your hospitality during my recent trip to Milan.I had a most enjoyab
48、le time and I think our meetings were very successful.I look forward to seeing you when you visit Shanghai in May.”l(2)“This is just a short note to thank you for a very pleasant evening while I was in Florence.It is always good to see old friends again and it was interesting to hear your arrival.Hope we can meet for lunch.”Try to comment on above two letters.
