1、1.主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。2.谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。简单谓语：由动词或动词词组担任 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词担任3.宾语：1）动作的承受者-及物动词或介词的宾语 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 3）双宾语-宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语 a.直接宾语指物或事 b.间接宾语指人或动物4.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。5.表语（predi
2、cative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。表语可以由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、形容词化分词、不定式、表语从句等来担任。常见系动词：be,sound,look,feel,smell,taste,remain6.状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。找句子成分：1.He gave me a book yesterday.主 谓 间宾 直宾 时间状语2.We will make them happy.主 谓 宾 宾补3.He goes to school by bike.主 谓 宾 方式状语4.It sound
3、s a good idea.主 系 表定语定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。1）定语前置：如果定语是由一）定语前置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置个单词表示时，通常要前置2）定语后置：定语由一个词组）定语后置：定语由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置或一个句子表示时，通常则后置找出下列句子中的定语：1.Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.2.He is our friend.3.We belong to the third world.4.He decided to teach the lazy boy a lesson.5.The man
4、over there is my old friend.6.The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.7.The boys playing football are in Class 2.8.The trees planted last year are growing well now.9.I have an idea to do it well.10.You should do everything that I do.名词代词数词形容词副词短语 代词 形容词介词短语 代词现在分词过去分词不定式定语从句This is the boy wh
5、o won the first prize in the English Speech Competition.1.：在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从句后的部分，：在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从句后的部分，是句子的主句。是句子的主句。2.：修饰主句中的一个名词或代词的句子是定语从句。：修饰主句中的一个名词或代词的句子是定语从句。（修饰the boy)3.：先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在：先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在定语从句的前面。定语从句的前面。4.：关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关：关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词
6、。系副词。指人时可以用指人时可以用who,也可用也可用that Do you know the boy who/that is my desk mate?The man who/that was killed in the accident is Toms uncle.指物时可以用指物时可以用which,也可用也可用 that I like visiting places which/that are not far away.How do you like the film which/that was shown last Sunday?whose 可以指人也可以指物，表示从属关系可以指人
7、也可以指物，表示从属关系“.的的”He was a painter whose pictures were not well-known in his life time.The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.关系代词作宾语时可以省略关系代词作宾语时可以省略 I like the meal(that/which)we had last night.Do you know the boy(who/whom/that)we talked about just now?关系副词在从句中只能作状语。关系副词在从句中只能作状语。when
8、指时间，指时间，where 指指地点，地点，why指原因，指原因，how不能作关系词。不能作关系词。We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.He has reached the point where a change is needed.That is no reason why you should leave.This is the way how I did it.(how 不能作关系词不能作关系词)如：如：This is the book(that I have been lo
9、oking for).1.The movie that we saw last night is very exciting.2.Have you bought the book which we talked about?3.I still remember the day which we spent together last week.4.He still lives in the house whose windows face south.5.The boy whose father is a policeman speaks English most fluently in ou
10、r class.6.The girl who you met was Johns sister.7.There is no reason why we shouldnt be friends.8.They arrived in the early morning when the sky was still dark.9.The days were gone when we had to travel on horses.10.Is this the hospital where you were born?A.作定语从句的一个句子成分作定语从句的一个句子成分 This is the book
11、 that I have been looking for.B.连接主句和从句连接主句和从句 I have a house and its windows are very big.I have a house,whose windows are very big.I have a house;its windows are very big.I have a house,its windows very big.C.指代先行词的意思指代先行词的意思 He works in a factory,which is not far from his home.（which指代factory，并在定
12、语从句中作主语）Eg:This is the school _ I once studied.一找：找一找：找主句主句、从句从句、先行词先行词 This is the school _ I once studied.二还：根据先行词，把定语从句还原为完整的一句话二还：根据先行词，把定语从句还原为完整的一句话(添词添词)I once studied at the school.三提问：对添加部分进行提问（用关系词替代添加部分）三提问：对添加部分进行提问（用关系词替代添加部分）对主语对主语/宾语提问用代词，宾语提问用代词，who(that)/whom/which(that)/whose;对状语提问
13、用副词，对状语提问用副词，when/where/why。at the school在作地点状语，故用在作地点状语，故用where提问提问whereExercise:1.This is the school _ is the most famous in the city.The school is the most famous in the city.2.The woman _ wears a blue dress is our English teacher.The woman wears a blue dress.3.The boy _ father is a policeman off
14、ered to help.The boys father is a policeman.4.This is the reason _ he was late that day.He was late that day for the reason.5.Do you remember the day _ we met for the first time?We met for the first time on the day.that/whichwho/thatwhosewhywhen6.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.A.that
15、B./C.when D.A and B 解析：We spent the days together.主 谓 宾语 关系代词：关系代词：which/that/省略省略DEg:He worked in the factory _ produces TV sets.The factory produces TV sets.He worked in the factory _ his father had worked.His father had worked in the factory.Exercise:I like the school _ is near to my home.The sch
16、ool is near to my home.I like the school _ my sister studies.My sister studies in the school.that/whichwherethat/whichwhere1.The man that/who was here yesterday is a painter.2.The man who/whom/that/不填不填 I saw is called Smith.3.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.4.Id like a room whose
17、 window looks out over the sea.5.A letter that/which is written in pencil is hard to read.6.The letter that/which/不填不填 I received from him yesterday is very important.7.That is the boy who/whom/that/不填不填 you are looking for.8.Do you know the reason why he was late for the meeting?9.This is the schoo
18、l where I used to study.10.I still remember the day when we met for the first time.定语从句关系词关系代词关系副词thatwhichwhowhomwhosewhenwherewhy1.when 介词+whichEg:I will never forget the day _ we met for the first time.从句还原：We met for the first time on the day.on the day when the day which on the day on whichwhen
19、/on which2.why for+whichEg:I dont know the reason _ he did it.从句还原：He did it for the reason.for the reason why the reason which for the reason for which3.where 介词+whichEg:This is the farm _ we worked when we were young.从句还原：We worked on the farm when we were young.on the farm where the farm which on
20、 the farm on whichwhy/for whichwhere/on which1.As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent.He should be able to be independent at the time.2.Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.We compete with othe
21、rs to go beyond ourselves in the race.3.We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true.Dreams have the best chance of coming true in the age.4.Nowadays people are more concerned about the enviornment _ they live.They live in the environment.when/at whichwhere/in whichwhen/i
22、n whichwhere/in which5.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the island _ he grew up as a child.He grew up as a child on the island.6.There was a time _ I hated to go to school.I hated to go to school in the time.7.This is the reason _ he didnt come to the meeting.He didnt come to the
23、 meeting for the reason.8.The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.A.in it B.in C.in that D.in which I grew up in the house.宾语 The house(which/that)I grew up in has been.where/on whichwhen/in whichwhy/for whichBEg:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is
24、 the baby _A_ tomorrow.A.whom I shall look afterB.after whom I shall lookC.whose I shall look afterD.after whom I shall look after（作业本P52）改错：Is this the book for which she was looking？which she was looking forExercise:1.I dont like the way _ will cost too much money.The way will cost too much money.
25、2.The way _ he thought of to solve the problem was not practical.He thought of the way to solve the problem.3.The way _ he answered the question was surprising.He answered the question in the way.which/that(which/that)(in which/that)Exercise:1.I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to mak
26、e decisions of my own.I am supposed to make decisions of my own at the point.2.I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.Students obviously knew a lot of.good essay in these cases.3.I work in a business _ almost everyone
27、 is waiting for a great chance.Almost everyone is waiting for a great chance in the business.4.Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.They can see themselves differently in the situation.wherewherewherewhereEg:It was a rare-indeed unique occasion _ I was abl
28、e to put Ritchie right.I was able to put Ritchie right on the occasion.when判断下列句子是否正确，如有误，请改正判断下列句子是否正确，如有误，请改正。He is the man with who she went to Europe.改为whom，直接位于介词后时，要用宾格He is the man whom she went to Europe with.He is the man who she went to Europe with.正确，不直接位于介词后时，可用主格也可用宾格He is the man that
29、she went to Europe with.正确，先行词是人时，关系代词用who 也可用 thatHe is the man she went to Europe with.正确，关系代词作宾语且不位于介词后时可以省略 I will never forget the day on which he passed away.正确，先行词是 the day.I will never forget the day on that he passed away.改为which，直接位于介词后时不能用 that I will never forget the day which he passed
30、away on.正确，可以把关系代词放到前面，把介词放到后面 I will never forget the day that he passed away on.正确，不直接位于介词后时可以用 that I will never forget the day he passed away on.正确，关系代词是that/which，作宾语，被省略了 I will never forget the day when he passed away.正确，关系词在定语从句中作状语，用关系副词Eg:1.In the basket there are quite many apples,some of
31、 which have gone bad.=of which some 篮子里有好多苹果，有些已经坏了。2.There are forty students in our class in all,most of whom are from big cities.=of whom most 我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。3.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months,_ the sailing time(=_)was 226 days.The sailing time of the nine months
32、 was 226 days.of whichthe sailing time of which 先行词是anything,something,nothing,everything等不定代词时；先行词是all,much,little,none或先行词被all,much,little,no,any修饰时；先行词被最高级、序数词以及the first,the last,the very,the only,the same修饰时；先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物时；关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实义主语时，that可指人或物，且通常省略；当先行词前面有which，who等疑问代词时，
33、为避免重复，用关系代词that；（当先行词是that，those时，常用关系代词which或who）Exercise:1.He never reads anything _ is not worth reading.A.which B.as C.who D.that2.I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.A.who B.that C.as D.what3.There is not much _ can be done.A.that B.which C.what D.how4.There is
34、no difficulty _ cant be overcome in the world.A.that B.which C.who D.what5.Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position.A.that B.which C.as D.what6.You can take any seat _ is free.A.that B./C.which D.itDBAAAA7.The most important thing_we should pay attention to
35、is the first thing_ I have said.A.which;that B.that;which C.which;which D.that;that8.My watch is not the only thing _ is missing.A.that B.it C.which D.who9.This is the very film _ Ive long wished to see.A.which B.that C.who D.whom10.Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert
36、we attended last night.A.which B.whom C.who D.that11.He talked a lot about things and persons _ they remembered in the school.A.which B.that C.whom D.whatDABDB12.He still talks like the man(that)he was ten years ago.他谈起话来仍像十年前一样。13.The train is the fastest train(that)there has ever been.这列火车是有史以来最快的
37、火车。14.She is no longer the sweet girl _ she used to be.A.what B.who C.when D.that15.Who is the person _ is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?A.who B.that C.which D.whom16.Who _ has common sense will do such a thing?A.which B.who C.whom D.that15.Those _ not only from books but also throug
38、h practice will succeed.A.learn B.who C.that learns D.who learnDBDBHe was the man ten years ago.She used to be a sweet girl.关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实义主语时，that可指人或物，且通常省略；关系代词直接放在介词后面时，要用which，不用that；要用whom，不用who 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which,who,whom,不用that，也不能省略 当先行词为one,ones,anyone,everyone,none,all指人时，关系代词
39、用who 强调人的职业、某种特性、品质或才能时，which也可代指人；先行词是婴儿时也用whichExercise:1.Anyone who is against us is our enemy.2.All who heard the story were amazed.3.Her mother is a teacher,which is most glorious under the sun.4.Her sister has become a lawyer,which she wanted to be.5.My father is a gentleman in business which
40、my uncle isnt.6.The baby which is lying there has been crying for about twenty minutes.先行词被such修饰时，构成“such.as.”先行词被“so+形容词+冠词”修饰，构成“so.as.”Eg:Its such a heavy stone as nobody can move.那是一块重得没人能移得动的石头。（as作宾语）=Its so heavy a stone as nobody can move.（用so.as.结构改写）Its such a heavy stone as nobody can mo
41、ve.as引导定语从句，as作从句的宾语Its such a heavy stone that nobody can move it.that引导结果状语从句，that不作句子成分It was so difficult a problem _ no one worked it out.It was so difficult a problem _ no one worked out.thatas 先行词被the same修饰时，构成“the same.as.”Eg:We have arrived the same conclusion as they have.我们已得出和他们同样的结论。（a
42、s作宾语）This is the same watch as was worn by John.这与约翰戴的那块表一样。（as作主语）I want to use the same tools as were used in your factory a few days ago.我想使用同几天前在你工厂使用的一样的工具。This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。先行词被as修饰时，构成“as.as.”Eg:Its as pleasant a film as I have ever seen.这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。
43、（as作宾语）Exercise:1.He is such a lazy man _ nobody wants to work with _.A.as;him B.that;/C.as;/D.whom;him2.It wasnt such a good present _ he had promised me.A.that B.as C.which D.what3.We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser.A.when B.as C.whose D.what4.This is such a heavy box _ I ca
44、nt move it.A.as B.that C.which D.whose5.Last term our English teacher set so difficult an examination problem _ none of us worked out.A.as B.that C.which D.whoseCBBBA6.Pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language.A.as B.that C.which D.where7.The man showed us
45、so heavy a stone _ no one can lift.A.that B.as C.which D.and8.I received _ nice a gift _ my mother promised.A.the same;as B.as;as C.such;as D.the same;that9.Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A.which B.that C.whom D.asBBBD10.As a child,Jack studi
46、ed in a village school,_ is named after his grandfather.A.which B.where C.what D.thatA非限制性定语从句，用which/as指代a village school限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，去掉后句意不完整是对先行词的补充说明，删除后句子意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“.的.”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A.作宾语时可省略；B.可用that；C.可用whyA.不可省；B.不用that；C.why 要换为for which1.限制
47、性定语从句表达一个主要内容非限制性定语从句表达两个要点Eg:I lost all the money you lent me yesterday.我把你昨天借给我的钱都弄丢了。I lost all the money,without which I had to walk home.我把钱都弄丢了；没有这些钱，我只能步行回家。用非限制性定语从句改写：1.They have four children.All of them are good at English.They have four children,all of whom are good at English.2.Id like
48、to express my gratitude to you for your help.Without it,I couldnt have made such great progress.Id like to express my gratitude to you for your help,without which I couldnt have made such great progress.2.as,which引导的非限制性定语从句 as,which可指代整个主句，也可指代主句的一部分 He was very happy,as could be seen from the look
49、 on his face.as指代前面整个主句 He claimed he could speak three foreign languages,which is not true.which指代“he could speak three foreigh languages”as引导的非限制性定语从句，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开；但which所引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首 As is known to all,he is the best student in our class.He opposed the idea,as could be expected.
50、Taiwan,as you know,is a part of China.He has to work on Sunday,which he doesnt like.as引导的非限制性定语从句，常带有“正如”的意思，当从句为否定意义时不能用as引导 She failed the exam again,as was unexpected.She failed the exam again,which was unexpected.as is often the case“像往常那样；正如经常发生的那样”，常用说法，只能用as，不能用whichExercise:1.After graduatin
