1、新课标人教版课件系列高中英语必修必修3-3-4.6Unit 4Unit 4 Astronomy:Astronomy:the science of the starsthe science of the starslChineselEnglish lmathematicslphysicslchemistrylgeographylbiologylhistoryphysicschemistrybiologygeology mathematicsMedicineBiochemistryGeophysicsAstronomyScience subjectsFrontier scienceWarming
2、upmedicinebiology chemistry astronomy physics mathematicsgeophysicsgeology physics biochemistry biology chemistryis the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies(such as the sun,the moon,and stars),gas,and dust within it.Do you know the following scientists?Who are they?What have they d
3、iscovered?Isaac Newton,牛顿牛顿 16421727 Universal gravitation 万有引力万有引力Einstein,Albert(1879-1955)爱因斯坦爱因斯坦Relativity（相对论）（相对论）and the Cosmos（宇宙）（宇宙）The theory about black holes（黑洞理论）（黑洞理论）Solar system水星水星最接近太阳，是太阳系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字最接近太阳，是太阳系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字MercuryMercury来自罗马神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希腊神话中的来自罗马神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希腊神
4、话中的HermesHermes。或许由于水星在空中移动得快，才使它得到这个名字。或许由于水星在空中移动得快，才使它得到这个名字。金星金星是离太阳第二近，太阳系中第六大行星。古希腊人称之为是离太阳第二近，太阳系中第六大行星。古希腊人称之为Aphrodite(Aphrodite(阿芙罗狄蒂阿芙罗狄蒂)，是希腊神话中爱与美的女神。而在罗马，是希腊神话中爱与美的女神。而在罗马神话中爱与美的女神是维纳斯神话中爱与美的女神是维纳斯Venus Venus，因此金星也称做，因此金星也称做“维纳维纳斯斯”。地球地球是距太阳第三颗，它是太阳系类地行星中最大的一颗，也是太是距太阳第三颗，它是太阳系类地行星中最大的一
5、颗，也是太阳系第五大行星，行星年龄估计大约有阳系第五大行星，行星年龄估计大约有4545亿年亿年(4.5(4.5109)109)。地球是。地球是唯一一个不是从希腊或罗马神中得到的名字。唯一一个不是从希腊或罗马神中得到的名字。EarthEarth一词来自于古一词来自于古英语及日耳曼语。这里当然有许多其他语言的命名。在罗马神话中，英语及日耳曼语。这里当然有许多其他语言的命名。在罗马神话中，地球女神叫地球女神叫TellusTellus肥沃的土地。肥沃的土地。火星火星为距太阳第四远，也是太阳系中第七大行星。因为火星在夜空为距太阳第四远，也是太阳系中第七大行星。因为火星在夜空中看起来是血红色的，所以在西方
6、，以罗马神话中的战神中看起来是血红色的，所以在西方，以罗马神话中的战神MarsMars命名命名它。它。木星木星是离太阳第五颗行星，而且是最大的一颗。木星是是离太阳第五颗行星，而且是最大的一颗。木星是天空中第四亮的物体。木星是自转最快的行星。在西方天空中第四亮的物体。木星是自转最快的行星。在西方称它为朱庇特称它为朱庇特JupiterJupiter，是罗马神话中的众神之王，是罗马神话中的众神之王，相当于希腊神话中的宙斯（相当于希腊神话中的宙斯（ZeusZeus）。）。土星土星是离太阳第六远的行星。是太阳系中仅次于木星的是离太阳第六远的行星。是太阳系中仅次于木星的第二大行星。中国古代称之为镇星或填星
7、。土星的英文第二大行星。中国古代称之为镇星或填星。土星的英文名字名字SaturnSaturn（以及其他绝大部分欧洲语言中的土星名称）（以及其他绝大部分欧洲语言中的土星名称）是以罗马神的农神萨杜恩命名的。希腊神话中的农神是以罗马神的农神萨杜恩命名的。希腊神话中的农神CronusCronus是是UranusUranus（天王星）和该亚的儿子，也是宙斯的（天王星）和该亚的儿子，也是宙斯的父亲。父亲。天王星天王星是太阳系中离太阳第七远行星，颜色为灰蓝是太阳系中离太阳第七远行星，颜色为灰蓝色，是一颗巨型气体行星色，是一颗巨型气体行星(Gas Giant)(Gas Giant)。以直径计。以直径计算，天王
8、星是太阳系第三大行星；天王星的命名，算，天王星是太阳系第三大行星；天王星的命名，是取自希腊神话的天神乌拉诺斯是取自希腊神话的天神乌拉诺斯 Uranus Uranus。乌拉。乌拉诺斯是古希腊神话中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高无诺斯是古希腊神话中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高无上的神。他是该亚的儿子兼配偶，是上的神。他是该亚的儿子兼配偶，是CronusCronus（农神（农神土星）、独眼巨人和泰坦（奥林匹斯山神的前辈）土星）、独眼巨人和泰坦（奥林匹斯山神的前辈）的父亲。的父亲。海王星海王星为太阳系九大行星中的第八个，是一个巨行为太阳系九大行星中的第八个，是一个巨行星。海王星。目前海王星是太阳系内离太阳第二远
9、星。海王星。目前海王星是太阳系内离太阳第二远的行星。海王星的名字是罗马神话中的海神涅普顿的行星。海王星的名字是罗马神话中的海神涅普顿（NeptuneNeptune）。古希腊神话中海神叫波塞冬）。古希腊神话中海神叫波塞冬 (Poseidon)(Poseidon)。1.Do you know how did the universe begin?Each religion or culture has its own ideas about the beginning of the universe?Pre-readingPangu separates the sky from the earth
10、.Pangu separates the sky from the earth Pangu separated the earth and sky with an ax.After he died,his breath became wind and cloud;his voice became thunder and his left eye sun and right one moon;arms and legs became edges and mountains;blood became rivers and tendon(筋筋脉脉)became roads;muscles becam
11、e fields and hair stars;teeth and bones became metals,pearls and jade;sweat became rain.Other legends about the beginning of universeHolyBibleThe Biblical AccountDay 1:God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night Day 2:God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean Da
12、y 3:God spoke and created dry land 上帝创世说：Day 4:God spoke and created the sun,moon and stars Day 5:God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea Day 6:God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7:God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy Brahman(婆罗门婆罗门)is the god first repre
13、sented in the Hindu Triad.He is the creator of the universe and all living beings are said to have evolved from him.IndiaDo you know the origin of the human beings?Man had evolved from apes.EarthHow life began on the earth Big BangA solid ballAtmosphere The earthIt was full of water.Original cells.T
14、he cells in the water began to separate.waterPlants in the waterShellfish and fishPlants on landInsects and amphibiansReptiles Dinosaurs Mammals Man had evolved from apes.watergreen plants on land234How life began on the earthAnalysing 5678forestsshellfish and all sorts of fishinsects(on land)amphib
15、ians(on land and in water)reptiles(on land)dinosaurs(on land)mammals(on land)small clever animals with hands and feet human small plants in water1 How Life Began on the EarthA cloud of dustA cloud of dustCombine into a Combine into a solidsolid ball ballExplodeExplodewith fire&rockwith fire&rock(pro
16、duce H(produce H2 2O,COO,CO2,2,OO2,2,NN2,2,other gases)other gases)atmosphereatmosphereCool downCool downwater appeared water appeared dissolve harmful gases into dissolve harmful gases into Life beganLife beganLife developedLife developedThe development of lifeThe development of lifeScanning1.What
17、was produced when the earth exploded?2.How did water come into being on the earth?3.Where did life first begin,on the land or in the sea?4.Why were mammals different from other animals?31.What was produced when the earth exploded?Water vapour,carbon dioxide,oxygen,nitrogen and other gases.2.How did
18、water come into being on the earth?The explosion of the earth produced water vapor,which turned into water when the earth cooled down.3.Where did life first begin,on the land or in the sea?In the sea.Because water dissolved harmful gases and made it possible for life to begin.4.Why were mammals diff
19、erent from other animals?Because they produced their young from within their bodies.Think about what you have read and make choices.Why was the earth different from other planets?A it produced a lot of heat.B.The water remained.C Water disappeared.D.It was the oldest planet.Why was life able to deve
20、lop on the earth but not on other planets?A The earth had a solid shape.B.The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.C The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.D.The earth was not too hot and not too cold.Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?A Animals need
21、ed plants to protect them from the sun.B Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.C Animals could hide from hunters in forest.D It was easier for plants to grow.What problem is caused by human being?A They exist everywhere on the earth.B They cause global warming.C They find new methods of grow
22、ing crops.D They enjoy hunting and fishing.1.B C B B2.D B I G E H A C F J a cloud of dust a solid ball presence of water small plants grow on the water shellfish and other fish appear plants begin to grow on dry land insects and amphibians appear reptiles appear dinosaurs appear mammals(including hu
23、mans)appearP26(6)1 23 4 5 6 789Small plants in waterShellfish and all sorts of fishGreen plants on landInsects(on land)Amphibian(on land and in water)ForestsReptiles(on land)Dinosaurs(on land)Mammals(on land)TheThe developmentdevelopment of life of life What problems have been caused by humans to th
24、e earth?How to protect the earth and make it a better place to live on?Text Retelling The explosion of the earth produced_ _,which turned into water when the earth cooled down.Water allowed the earth to _ harmful gases into the oceans and seas.That made it possible for _ to begin to develop.The arri
25、val of small _ encouraged the development of early _ and all sorts of fish.Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.watervapourdissolvelifeplantsshellfishLater land animals appeared.Some were_.Others,called_,were able to live on land as well as in the sea.When the
26、plants grew into forests,_appeared for the first time.Then _developed,which became the most important animals on the earth for millions of years.After they disappeared,_ became more important.Text RetellinginsectsamphibiansreptilesdinosaursmammalsThey were the last group of animals and they were dif
27、ferent because they _ their young from within their bodies.Small clever animals,with hands and feet,_ and _ all over the earth.As time went by,they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet.Text RetellingproducedappearedspreadPeriod 4Period 4Subject clauseSubject cla
28、useCan you find the following sentence in the reading passage?In this sentence,a noun clause is used as the subject.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading
29、passage.1.because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.2.What scientists think is that the earth was different because of 3.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on P64 USING STRUCTUREDo you know where we come from?How did the univer
30、se begin?Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems?1.What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life?2.Does he think it simple to answer the questions?Whats his opinion?3.What have we discovered about the universe,past and present?4.How can we have a complete pic
31、ture of the universe?What the universe is like has attracted him.No.The answers have always well beyond our reach.Milky Way galaxy;billions of galaxies,in a universe that is infinite and expanding;big bang;black hole;a dark matter;a possible Big Crunch.Learning to understand what we see.1._ the univ
32、erse is like has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life.2._ is clear and simple about the universe has always seemed too difficult for us to answer.3._ the universe exists the way it does is a major question to all those who have looked at stars like Hawking.4._ has developed over two thousand years
33、 of observation has to be greatly revised.5._ in the universe we live is not the centre,but one of the mine planets orbiting the sun,which is just one of millions of stars in our own Milky Way galaxy.WhatWhatWhy What where6._ we understand the universe is the time when we human beings will have answ
34、ered all the questions.7._ we can have a complete picture of the universe depends on learning to understand what we see.8._ Hawking wants to tell us in this text is that we should study the universe,and understand it.When HowWhat做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连语，又称主语从句，引导
35、主语从句的有从属连词词that,whether，连接代词连接代词who,what,which，连接副词连接副词when,where,how,why等。等。1.连接词：连接词：1）从属连词：）从属连词：that，whether等等.that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。不能省略。That she left him cut him to the heart.That he will come is certain.2)连接代词连接代词who，what，which,whate
36、ver,whichever,whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.Which side will win is not clear.由由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。放在句首，句后都可。Whether it will please them is not easy to say.Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.3)连接副词连接副词when，where，how，why等。等。Why he
37、 did it remains a mystery.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.2.位置：位置：主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。常用下面几种句型。1）It+be+表语表语 +主语从句主语从句表语：（名词，表语：（名词，形容词，过去分词）形容词，过去分词）It is certain that she will do well i
38、n her exam.It is true that I told her everything.It is a pity that we cant go.It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth sat
39、ellite into orbit.2）It+不及物动词或短语不及物动词或短语+主语从句主语从句It seemed(happened,doesnt matter,has turned out)that It happens that they were absent.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.3)It+及物动词（被
40、动语态）及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句主语从句It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.注意注意:1）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词从属连词that可以省略。可以省略。误：误：They should like each other is natural.正：正：That they should like each othe
41、r is natural.正：正：It is natural that they should like each other.2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引引导，但是如果用导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导引导.误：误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正：正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.1.I have always been honest and straightf
42、orward,and it doesnt matter _that Im talking to.A.who is it B.who it is C.it is who D.it is whom 2.It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.A.that B.when C.what D.how 3._ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitt
43、ed to key universities.A.What;because B.What;thatC.That;what D.That;because4._ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where5._ that they can pass the written exam this time.A.That is hoped B.It is hoped C.It hopes D.That hopes6.It was doubtful _ Mary really heard
44、him.A.that B.if C.whether D.whatReading comprehension:Put the following sentences into Chinese:1.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。2.The problem was that the earth became violent bec
45、ause it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.问题是地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。3.It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases,which had become part of the earths atmosphere,into the oceans and seas.它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体，溶解在海洋里。4.Whether life will continue on the earth for mil
46、lions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.在未来的千百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。HomeworkReview the subjective clause.Finish the exercise on the workbook.Language pointsPeriod 51.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving
47、around the sun.1._ （使大家吃惊的是）is that he didnt come to the meeting.What surprised everybody 2._（他所做的）added to our difficulty.What he did _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what_ made the school proud was _ more than 90%of the students had been admitted
48、 to key universities.A.What;because B.What;that;C.That;what D.That;becauseAB2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。续下去。n.n.固体固体 solid,liquid,gas adj.固体的；实心的固体的；实心的,无
49、空隙的；结实的，坚固的无空隙的；结实的，坚固的 solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniturea man of solid build1)Matter has three states:solid,liquid and gas.2)When water freezes,it becomes solid and we call it ice.be to(do):(something)will definitely happen,or it must happen 不可避免要发生或必须发生不可避免要发生或必须发生 e.g.They sai
50、d goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.She is to be honoured for this great work.Mr.Clark said to his daughter,“You are to be home by 10 oclock at the latest.”3.It exploded loudly with fire and rock,which were in time to produce the water vapour,1).（使某物）炸开，爆炸使某物）炸开，爆炸 2).（指感情）激发
