1、Chapter 9 IntelligenceFIntroduction to PsychologyFPeking University2022-10-61什么是聪明？2022-10-62IntelligenceFThe application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn,solve problems,and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture.(Gardner,1983)2022-10-631.1 The multifaceted nature of intel
2、ligence2022-10-661.2 Functional Nature of IntelligenceThe capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior.(Sternberg&Salter,1982)2022-10-671.3 Cultureally DefinedCultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems,and these strategies become part of the way individuals think.(Vy
3、gotsky,1978)2022-10-681.4 Definition of IntelligenceThe application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn,solve problems,and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture.(Gardner,1983)2022-10-69IntelligenceFViewpoint of laypersonFRelated concepts Skill Knowledge Aptitude Intelligence
4、 Mental ability2022-10-6102 Intelligence TestingFPsychometric instrumentsFIntelligence testsFSir Francis Galton(1822-1911)Upper classes were the most intelligent Simple perceptual,sensory,and motor abilities 10,000(1884)Father of mental test/pioneering statistician2022-10-6112.1 Binet ScaleFAlfred B
5、inet(1857-1911)(1905)for education commissionFBinet&Simon(1908)Abilities increase with ageFMental Age,MA-Chronological age,CA The average age at which children achieve a particular score.FItem Selection2022-10-6122.2 Intelligence Testing in USAFLewis Terman Stanford-Binet scale(1916)IQ,Intelligence
6、Quotient=(MA/CA)*100 Difference from Binet(MA,IQ,norm)FGroup Tests Army Alpha&Army Beta Test Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT)FThe Wechsler Intelligence Scales2022-10-613The Wechsler Intelligence ScalesFDavid Wechsler Minimizing the linguistic and cultural biasesFWechsler-Bellevue tests(1939)FWAIS-R,Wec
7、hsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised(1939,1955,1981)FWISC-R,Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised(1958,1974,1991)2022-10-614The Structure of WAIS-RVerbal subtestsFInformationFComprehensionFArithmeticFSimilaritiesFDigit spanFVocabularyPerformance subtestsFDigit symbolFPicture completionF
8、Block designFPicture arrangementFObject assembly2022-10-6152.3 Frequency Distribution ofIQ ScoresFWechsler(1958)New concept of IQcalculating IQ as an individual position relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distributionFAn normal,bell-shaped curve2022-10-6162.4 Limitations of IQ TestsFPr
9、edictive validity of IQ scoresFTwo limitations2022-10-6172.4.1 Predictive validity ofIQ scores学校阶段IQ与成绩相关小学0.6-0.7中学0.5-0.6大学0.4-0.5研究生0.3-0.4Why?2022-10-618How teachers view brightness as IQ?FBias in ageFBias in sexFBias in social behavior manner2022-10-6192.4.2 Two LimitationsFLack of a theoretica
10、l basis Academic performance/practical intelligenceFCulturally biased 15-point difference in white/African Williams,Robert L.IQ is strongly correlated with socioeconomic status Group difference:gender2022-10-620语言文化差异FCello Harp Drum Violin GuitarFRunning a gameFWhat is up?2022-10-621Assignment 1F中小
11、学教育中是否要引用智商测验？为什么？2022-10-6223 Approaches to IntelligenceFThe Psychometric ApproachFThe Information-Processing ApproachFA Theory of Multiple Intelligences2022-10-6233.1 The Psychometric ApproachFPsychometric ApproachFFactor Analysis:common elementsFSpearman Two-Factor Theory Charles Spearman(1863-19
12、45)g-factor,General Intelligence s-factors2022-10-624Other Factor TheoriesFLL Thurstone(1938,1962):7 primary factorsuword fluencyucomprehensionunumerical computationuspatial skillsuassociative memoryureasoninguperceptual speedFR.Cattell(1963):Crystallized/Fluid IntelligenceFWechsler WAIS-RFJ.Guilfor
13、d(1961):content,product,operation2022-10-625Limitations of the Psychometric ApproachFDescribing rather than explaining Facts but no theory;Lack of ProcessFProliferation in factors Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern2022-10-6263.2 The Information-Processing ApproachFSpeed of Processi
14、ng Posner et al(1969)FKnowledge BaseFAbility to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies2022-10-627Speed of ProcessingJudge Identity:A APerceive form of letterAnalyze perceived formsCompare formsR:identicalJudge Identity:A aPerceive form of letterAnalyze perceived formsLook up names of letterCompare l
15、etter namesR:identicalKnowledge BaseFInformation in LTMFQuantity,Method of organization,Availability-Intelligence PerformanceFExperience&Schema2022-10-629Acquire and Apply Cognitive StrategiesFDaily TaskFDifference between adults and childrenFRetard children are more difficult in acquiring and apply
16、ing cognitive strategies2022-10-630Limitation of I-P ApproachFTheory to Theory Limited in academic situation Being difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving.2022-10-6313.3 A Theory of Multiple IntelligencesFHoward Gardner(1983)FSelecting IntelligencesFLimitations of the Theory of M
17、-I.2022-10-632Selecting IntelligencesFGardner(1983)One can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligenceFCriterion Multiple neural modules Savant and prodigy studies Distinctive developmental course2022-10-633Gardner Seven IntelligencesFLogical/Mathematical
18、 FLinguistic or VerbalFMusicalFBodily/KinestheticFSpatialFIntrapersonalFInterpersonal2022-10-634Limitations of Gardner TheoryFUnderestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligenceFLack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapersonal and musicalFThe potential proliferation of
19、intelligences2022-10-635R.Sternberg(1985):Triarchic TheoryFComponential intelligence knowledge acquisition component performance component metacognitive componentFExperiential intelligence 处理新奇或者很常规的问题的能力FContextual intelligence 日常事务、适应新的不同情境的现实管理能力2022-10-636Scrambled WordsFH-U-L-A-GFP-T-T-M-EFT-R-
20、H-O-SFC-I-B-A-SFT-N-K-H-G-IFR-I-D-E-VFT-E-N-R-E2022-10-637Emotional IntelligenceFP.Salovery&JD Mayer(1990,1993)IQ less important than parent SES(SES,income)Social ability is important in life.Apply emotional experience to motivationFD.Goleman(1995)FP.Salovery&JD Mayer(1997)准确、适当地认知、评价和表达情绪 调整自己的情绪 利
21、用情绪促进思维FMayer(1998)Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale2022-10-6384 Heredity and IntelligenceF个体差异研究F种族/家族群体研究F纵向研究2022-10-6394.1 Individual Differences in IQFGenetic and environmental variablesFLongtitudinal studyFTwin,family,and adoption studies:Distinguish the impact of nature and nurture Sib
22、lings,dizygotic twins,and parent-offspring pairs=.50 Monozygotic twins=1.00(genetically identical)2022-10-640Some ResultsF领养儿的智商与生身父母的关系更大F领养一段时间之后，被领养儿的智力能显著提高（20）F越早领养，环境的影响就越大。F环境因素：父母社会经济地位、学校等2022-10-6414.2 Group Differences:race FArthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973)Between one-half and three-fourths
23、 of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors.Minnesota Adoption Study Scarr&Weinberg(1976),Weinberg et al(1992)FRacial Ancestry Study Scarr et al(1977):No relation2022-10-6424.3 Commentary:the science&politics of IntelligenceFEmotional IssueFMi
24、lwaukee ProjectFHerrnstein&Murray(1994):The Bell Curve Meritocracy能人统治 Waste of resourcesF50 leading professors drafted a document on intelligence 客观测量、预测性最好、种族内得分分布广、环境2022-10-643遗传力FHVg/Vt=(Vt-Ve)/VtVt:DZ difference in IQVe:MZ difference in IQ0.4-0.82022-10-6445 The Extremes of IntelligenceFMental
25、 retardation Causes of mental retardation Treating mental retardationFGiftedness Are gifted people maladjusted?uPersonality,marriage,professional successFCreativity and Intelligence No relationship Creativity&Bipolar disorder(manic-depression)2022-10-6456 Some Concluding ThoughtsFSocial Intelligence The ability to store,retrieve,and understand social information.FIntelligence is always embedded in a psychological context that includes motivation and emotion.=GoalsFEQ,Emotional Quotient2022-10-646
