1、（madeofdingshangtuwenmadeofdingshangtuwen）高二（上）Grammar and usageUnit 2 What is happiness to you?在前一个单元，我们回顾了非谓语在前一个单元，我们回顾了非谓语动词在句子中充当主语、定语和宾动词在句子中充当主语、定语和宾语补足语时所表示的意义，以及他语补足语时所表示的意义，以及他们在充当这些句子成分时的区别。们在充当这些句子成分时的区别。这节课，我们接着学习非谓语动词这节课，我们接着学习非谓语动词的另一句法功能的另一句法功能作状语作状语。To learn to identify non-finite v
2、erbs used as adverbialsTo learn the differences between to infinitive and verb-ing/verb-ed when used as adverbialsTo learn different forms of non-finite verbs非非谓谓语语不定式不定式 to do 分词分词动名词（动名词（-ing)过去分词过去分词(-ed)现在分词现在分词(-ing)动词动词-ing形形式式Infinitive,verb-ing and verb-edNon-finite verbs are often used as a
3、dverbials.What are the hidden meanings do they usually express?Are there any differences when they are used as adverbials?Do they have any other forms?Read the points on Page 24.You will find the answers.动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。主语应与句子的主语保持一致。(1)做目的状语做目的状语可单独出现
4、，或以可单独出现，或以in order to+动词原形、动词原形、so as to+动词原形等形式做目的状语，可动词原形等形式做目的状语，可置于句首，意为置于句首，意为“为了为了”，如：，如：To catch the bus,you must get up early.=In order to catch the bus=You must get up early so as to catch(2)做结果或程度状语做结果或程度状语常以常以enough to 或或tooto等形式出现，等形式出现，并能转换成并能转换成sothat句式。如：句式。如：Liu Mei was lucky enough
5、 to receive many books from Project Hope.=Liu Mei was so lucky that she received many books from Project Hope.He was too young to lift that box.=He was so young that he cannot lift that box.Could you be so kind asto close the window?With pleasure.I am such a fool as to think that she is a warm-heart
6、ed woman.He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.(3)做原因状语做原因状语常用在常用在sorry,glad,surprised,pleased,angry等词后说明产生这种情绪的原因，等词后说明产生这种情绪的原因，或表示没有预料到的、事与愿违的结或表示没有预料到的、事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子的后面，若不果，不定式要放在句子的后面，若不定式为不及物动词，其后应加必要的定式为不及物动词，其后应加必要的介词。如：介词。如：Im sorry to hear about your failure on busin
7、ess.He will be so glad to see you here.分词作状语分词作状语1.分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状语。通常可以转换成相应的状语从句。状语。通常可以转换成相应的状语从句。表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列或非限制性定语从句。如：或非限制性定语从句。如：Put into use in April 2000(=When it was put into use in April 2000),the hotline was meant
8、 for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.(时间时间)Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network(=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network),Alice was in low spirits.(原因原因)Given time(=If he is given time),hell make a first-class tennis player.(
9、条件条件)We often provide our children with toys,thinking that all children like them.(=and think that)(伴随伴随)2.有时为了强调，分词前可带有时为了强调，分词前可带when,while,once,if,though,although,as if,unless等连词一起作状语，以便句子的等连词一起作状语，以便句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。如：意思更清楚、更连贯。如：When comparing different cultures,we often pay attention only to the d
10、ifferences without noticing the many similarities.though tired,he still continued reading.3.现在分词和过去分词作状语时区别：现在分词和过去分词作状语时区别：不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状语从句或并列句，如果状语分句或并列语从句或并列句，如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为句中的谓语动词为被动结构被动结构，就用，就用过去过去分词分词
11、；如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语；如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为动词为主动结构主动结构，就用，就用现在分词现在分词。例如：。例如：When compared with the size of the whole earth,the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(分词部分相当于分词部分相当于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth,主语与分词是被动关系。主语与分词是被动关系。)When comparing it with the size of the
12、 whole earth,we find that the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(When we compare it with the size of the whole earth主语与分词是主动关系。主语与分词是主动关系。)4.现在分词的两种现在分词的两种时态时态：一般式：一般式doing，通常指与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作通常指与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或无先后顺序同时发生或无先后顺序;完成式完成式having done则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。如：动词所表示的动作。
13、如：While walking in the street,we met some friends of ours.(同时发生同时发生)Having waited in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.(“等待等待”在先在先)5.分词完成式的两种语态：主动语态分词完成式的两种语态：主动语态having done；被动语态；被动语态having been done。Having been trapped in traffic,he was late for w
14、ork.6.分词的否定式的构成分词的否定式的构成:not+分词。分词。Not having received a reply,he decided to write again.Not repaired well,the washing machine stopped working again.7.分词的分词的独立主格结构独立主格结构是分词的一种特是分词的一种特殊形式，在句中作状语。在分词的独立殊形式，在句中作状语。在分词的独立主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词在逻辑上有在逻辑上有主谓主谓关系时用关系时用现在分词现在分词；在；在逻辑上有逻辑上有动宾动宾关系时
15、用关系时用过去分词过去分词。在独。在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。完成时态表示。如：如：Winter coming,its getting colder and colder.(winter和和come是逻辑主谓关系是逻辑主谓关系)More money given,we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.(句中句中money与与give是动宾关是动宾关系，所以用过去分词系
16、，所以用过去分词)The snow having stopped,she went out to sweep the snow in the yard.(强调分词动作发生在先强调分词动作发生在先)注：在独立结构中，现在分词的完成式有注：在独立结构中，现在分词的完成式有时可以简化成过去分词。时可以简化成过去分词。His work having been finished/His work finished,he went home.8.一些习惯表达作插入语，起评注说明一些习惯表达作插入语，起评注说明的作用，用法固定，不必考虑逻辑上的的作用，用法固定，不必考虑逻辑上的关系，常用的有：关系，常用的有
17、：generally speaking,considering,given,supposing that,talking of,seeing that(鉴于鉴于)等。等。eg.Considering everything,it wasnt a bad holiday.Supposing that there was war,what would you do?Summarize the usage of non-finite verbsto infini-tivev-ingV-ed being+v-edhaving+v-edhaving been+v-ed主主语语宾宾语语表表语语to infi
18、ni-tivev-ingV-ed being+v-edhaving+v-edhaving been+v-ed宾宾补补定定语语状状语语Reflection time1.To infinitive can be used to express _when it is used as an adverbial in a sentence.2.Verb-ing or verb-ed can be used to express _ when used as adverbials in sentences.3.The perfect form of verb-ing is _ and the passi
19、ve form is _.1.The children went home from the grammar school,their lessons _ for the day.A.finishing B.finished C.had finished D.were finishedExercises2._ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed3.There was a terrible noise _ the su
20、dden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followedD.being followed4._,liquids can be changed into gases.A.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heat5.Dont use words,expressions,or phrases _ only to people with special knowledge.A.being known B.having been known C.to be known D.known6._ in thoug
21、ht,he almost ran into the car in front.A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose7._ such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clear up the river.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered8.The visitor expressed his satisfaction,_ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added
22、B.to add C.adding D.added9.The boy lay on the ground,his eyes _ and his hands _.A.being closed；trembling B.closed；trembling C.closed；trembled D.closing；trembled10.Unless _ to speak,you should remain silent at the meeting.A.invited B.being invited C.having invited D.being invited11.Though _ money,his
23、 parents managed to send him to university.A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in12.The weather _ so bad,we had to put the game off.A.was B.is C.were D.being13.The country has already sent up 3 unmanned spacecrafts,the most recent _ at the end of last March.A.has been launched B.having been lau
24、nched C.being launched D.to be launchedQuiz II:同义转换，每空一词。同义转换，每空一词。1.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.The box is _ heavy _ _ _ carry.The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2.The maths problem is so difficult that I cant work it out.The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out.toofor me toligh
25、t enoughtoofor me to3.If I was given more time,I could do it much better._ more time,I could do it much better.4.As a League member,he is always helping others._ _ _ _,he is always helping others.GivenBeing a League member1.If _(加热加热)to a high temperature,water will change into vapour.2._(从太空望去从太空望去
26、),the earth is a water-covered globe.3._(在她的话在她的话的鼓励下的鼓励下)the boy said sorry to his teacher.Quiz III:Complete the sentences.heatedSeen from the spaceEncouraged by her words4.He worked day and night _(为了挣钱为了挣钱).5._(告诉你实话吧告诉你实话吧),I dont like the way he talked.6._(一般说来一般说来),girls are more careful.7._(虽
27、然雨下得虽然雨下得 很大很大),it cleared up very soon.8.He arrived late _ (却发现火车开走了却发现火车开走了).to earn the moneyTo tell you the truthThough raining heavilyGenerally speakingto find the train gone1.Do the exercise on Page 25.2.Do the exercises C1 and C2 on Page 107 of your workbook.HomeworkAnswers(P25)1.to learn how
28、 to ski2.Accompanied by an experienced ski instructor3.Thinking that she knew how to ski well4.while skiing downhill5.Although not expecting trouble6.Having been checked at the nearest hospital7.Hearing the news8.Not knowing how serious the situation was9.Arriving at the hospital10.if properly treated
