1、学术英语学术英语 医学医学 Unit 幻灯片幻灯片Unit 3Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesDespite the progress in medicine,many diseases are still untreatable and incurable.It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases.Here come some fundamental questions:Which play a m
2、ore important role in causing human diseases,genes or environmental factors?Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer?What are the major steps in developing a new drug?In this unit,we will probably find the answers to these questions.Listening Note-taking Forms Su
3、ggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesListening Note-taking Formsadvantages&disadvantagescause&effectclassification&definitioncomparison&contrastfacts&figuressequence of eventsstages of a processquestion&answertwo-column tablesspidergramtree diagram/spidergramtabletabletimelinefl
4、owchartheadings¬esUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesListening Suggested answers Task 11.40,0002.56,3003.Measures taken4.13-645.826.227.African Americans8.Take Charge,Take the Test9.gained bisexual men10.development of a comprehensive HIV prevention plan for the united statesUnit 3 Preven
5、tion and Treatment of DiseasesListening Suggested answers Task 21.expand access to 2.HIV incidence surveillance system3.Targeting pelling reasons6.specific informationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListening
6、SpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 9Lead-inIssues to be covered The common and special means of treatment and prevention of diseases The different roles of genes and environment in causing diseases The relationship between interpersonal relationship and health The major steps in designing and devel
7、oping new drugsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask:Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluMyopiaHepatitisUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask:Work in pairs and discuss the causes and trea
8、tments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluvirusesrest,clear fluids,cool damp washcloth to reduce fever,warm blanket to calm chills,cough medicine,antiviral medications,usually no need of antibioticsMyopiaprolonged close work,excessive reading corrective lenses,refractory
9、surgeryHepatitisviral(HBV,HCV,etc.),bacterial,parasitic,fungal infectionsalcohol,autoimmune,inherited antiviral medicationsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Knowledge of the subject matter Useful expressionsSuggested answersUnit 3
10、 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation1.How was Terrys life before she was diagnosed with MS？Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases1.loved practicing Tae Kwon Do2.attended medical school,practiced as an internal medicine residency,became
11、 an academic general internist3.married and got a son and a daughter multiple sclerosis:a serious disease of the nervous system,which gradually makes a person weaker,and sometimes affects their sight or speech.The abbreviation MS is also used.多发性硬化症多发性硬化症Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics fo
12、r presentation2.What causes MS?How does the author describe the development of his illness?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseasesbout If you have a bout of an illness or of an unpleasant feeling,you have it for a short period.疾病或不愉快情绪的发作 He was recovering from a severe bout of flu.我感到一阵紧张。I was
13、 suffering from a bout of nerves.relapse 这种治疗方法通常针对术后复发风险高的女性。The treatment is usually given to women with a high risk of relapse after surgery.If a sick person relapses,their health suddenly gets worse after it had been improving.旧病复发;再次发病 In 90 per cent of cases the patient will relapse within six
14、 months.90%的病人在6个月内会再次发病。Crossroads A crossroads is a place where two roads meet and cross each other.十字路口 Turn right at the first crossroads.在第一个十字路口向右转。If you say that something is at a crossroads,you mean that it has reached a very important stage in its development where it could go one way or a
15、nother.(开展的)关键时刻，紧要关头 该公司显然处于开展的关键时刻。The company was clearly at a crossroads.Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation3.What did Terry do before he self-experimented?(7-8 para.)Began his own study of the literature Reading articles about new MS drugs in animal models Reading articl
16、es about neurodegeneration of all typesdementia,Parkinsons disease,Huntingtons,and Lou Gehrigs diseaseUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions I had only two options:accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatmen
17、t,or increased involvement in my own health care.(P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions I began my own study of the literature,reading article after article on PubMed,knowing that the seeds for todays clinical care were laid years,somet
18、imes decades earlier in the basic science literature.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesA Magic Bullet In medicine,a magic bullet is a drug or treatment that can cure a disease quickly and completely.灵丹妙药灵丹妙药 A magic bullet is an easy solution to a difficult problem.妙招 许多人都在寻找能够解决这个问题的良方。A l
19、ot of people are looking for some sort of magic bullet that will solve this problem.Chorea:舞蹈症 Amyotrophic:肌萎缩的 Atrophy:萎缩 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease by the selective death of motor neurons.Immerse He immersed his feet in water.他把脚浸在水里。他把脚浸在水
20、里。immerse oneself in 专心从事于；埋头专心从事于；埋头 She was immersed in her work.她埋头工作。Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation4.How did Terry carry out his self-experimentation?What were the effects respectively?A.Taking various nutrients B.Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical st
21、imulation C.Intensive nutrition D.looking more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms:Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However,although my decline had slowed,I was still d
22、eclining.FDA:Food and Drug Administration 美国食品药品管理局 Protocol:1.议定书;协议;Kyoto Protocol 京都议订书 2.草案科学实验报告或方案 Study protocol 研究方案 Text A Critical reading and thinking He told me that e-stim(as he called it)was not an approved treatment for MS.(P57)there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these
23、new muscles.My therapist implemented a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise.As good as the article was,it did not list all of the building blocks needed for optimal brain health.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Coupled with:Overuse of those drugs,coupled with poor diet,leads to p
24、hysical degeneration.过量使用那些药物再加上饮食缺乏营养，导致安康状况恶化。赌博总是与犯罪相联系.Gambling is always coupled with crimes.daily regimen:日剂量 如果进一步的工作证实了我们所看到的，我们可以为中风高危病人从理论上推荐日剂量的银杏(ginkgo)，作为防治脑损伤的方法。If further work confirms what weve seen,we could theoretically recommend a daily regimen of ginkgo to people at high risk o
25、f stroke as a preventive measure against brain damage.building block:积木，构件；建筑砌块；根底材料 Work group is the basic building block of Japanese organizations.工作小组是日本组织的根本构造单元.Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter The medical literature didnt have that information,nor did the re
26、gistered dieticians with whom I consulted,nor did I see it in the food science literature.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Mouthful:一口；满口；Savour the flavour of each mouthful,and chew your food well.细细品尝每一口的味道，充分咀嚼。She took a mouthful of water.她喝了一大口水。Handful:少量；一把的量 A handful of:Intervent
27、ion:干预；介入治疗；调停 Medical intervention:医疗介入；医学干预；药物干预；医疗干预 A doctor may advise medical intervention in addition to changes in behavior as a way to lose weight.医生有可能建议通过药物干预和行为改变来减肥.Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation5.What are the most common offenders in food allergies?What are
28、 the common manifestations of toxic load?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation6.How has the self-experimentation changed the author?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Recovery of his body Changing how he practice medicinePromi
29、sing Someone or something that is promising seems likely to be very good or successful.很有前途的；前景很好的 She is among the most promising players in her age group.她是所在年龄组中最有前途的选手之一。Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation7.What does the title mean?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Disea
30、ses It is time we stop blaming our genes and focus on the 70%under the individuals control.That is the real solution to the health care crisis.Text A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewCritical reading and thinking1.D 2.literature,nutrients,stimulation,micronutrients,environmental Unit 3 Prevention and
31、 Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 1/Medical terminology EnglishChinese Definition1treatment of disease through the use of drugs2the quality of existing in several different forms3of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own tissues,cells,ormolecules4epinephrine,a hormone s
32、ecreted by the adrenal medulla5a polymer of two or more different monomerspharmacotherapy药物疗法多态性polymorphism自体免疫的autoimmunecopolymer共聚物adrenaline肾上腺素Suggested answersLanguage building-up2Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A EnglishChinese Definition6a substance that improves the chemica
33、l activity of an enzyme7a substance that destroys weeds8a specialist in internal medicine9any of various diseases characterized by thickening or hardening10the act or process of testing,trying,or putting to the proofsclerosis硬化症coenzyme辅酶herbicide除草剂internist内科医生trial试验Task1/Medical terminologySugge
34、sted answers2Language building-upUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2/Signpost language SequenceLanguage building-upSuggested answers1.next 2.Then,Ultimately 3.At first,Eventually 4.NowUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2/Signpost language The following senten
35、ces are taken from Text A.Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text.Language building-upSuggested answersUltimately1 Jogging left me first._,standing for any time became difficult._,despite my use of the most current pharmacot
36、herapies,walking and even sitting was tiring,so I needed a tilt-recline wheelchair.(Para.5)2 _,I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models._,realizing I could not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial,I turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types
37、 dementia,Parkinsons disease,Huntingtons,and Lou Gehrigs disease.(Para.8)ThenAt firstEventuallyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2/Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A.Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the
38、 original sentences in the text.Language building-upSuggested answersNow3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal,I _ looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms.(Para.15)4 _ I focus on teaching my p
39、atients how to optimize their nutrition,reduce their toxic load,and reduce their risk of food allergies.(Para.19)nextUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 3/Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language building-upSuggested answers1.M
40、any things have happened since then.I went to a medical school,completed an internal medicine residency,and became a mother of a son and a daughter.2.When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop,I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.3.He nevertheless allowed me a test session.It did hurt severely a
41、s he previously told me.4.I am again experimenting three years after my healing.The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-approved protocol instead of self-experimentation.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText C Suggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText C Ta
42、sk:Translate the following paragraph into ChineseSuggested answers 通常在第二阶段期间或即将完毕时，需要决定是否开场耗资巨大且消耗大量资源的第二阶段b 期和关键性的第三阶段临床试验，这是药物研发的第三个里程碑。在这个阶段，显然不仅要进展全面的医学/科学分析，包括对该化合物性能的预判，还要进展全面的财务分析，这些工作是第三个里程碑的一局部。Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an Argument Task and additional activi
43、tyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an argument 1)thesis statement or claim 2)evidence that supports the claim.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an argumentExpress your opinion It would seem to me that As far as Im able to judge,My belief/interpretat
44、ion is From what I understand,As I understand it,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Making an argumentProvide evidence As evidenced in A good case in point is Consider the case of.,An example can be seen Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking TaskWork in pairs to debate
45、 with each other on the following topics by practicing the expressions listed above.1.Should patients self-experimentation for a cure be encouraged?2.Should the time required for the development of a new drug be shortened?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesSpeaking Additional activityAs an e
46、merging branch of science,Social Neuroscience is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people.Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class.The following prompts may be helpful to you:the definition of Social Neurosciencethe mechanism through which br
47、ain-to-brain link worksthe application of social neuroscience to treatment of diseasesthe prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Writing an introduction TaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Research Paper Project Coverage of the Introduct
48、ion the literature review;the definition of the problem;the purpose of the present study;the choice of methods;the statement of principal results and conclusionsWriting an introductionUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Research Paper Project General guidelinesNot to be too longNot to
49、 contain too much history and too many referencesGive a punchAvoid writing a verbose Introduction that will make reviewers moan:“Who care?Daniel W.Byme,1998,p103Writing an introductionUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Suggested answersTask 11.Yes2.Yes3.Yes4.Yes5.Yes6.No7.NoUnit 3 Pr
50、evention and Treatment of DiseasesWriting Suggested answersTask 21.Simple present and present perfect Both herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)and type 2(HSV-2)can cause primary infection of the genital tract,and HSV-1 infection has become an increasingly frequent cause of genital disease.Unit 3 Preve
