1、Emergency Medicine and TechniqueDr.Feng Qi-ming(MD,PhD 封启明)The Emergency Department,the 6th peoples hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai jiaotong University Emergency Medicine and TechniqueDifferential diagnosis 症状鉴别诊断Chest pain 胸痛Abdominal pain 腹痛Fever 发热The introduction of emergency medicine急诊医学简介Non-tra
2、uma 非创伤性急诊（内科、外科、儿科）trauma 创伤Disaster medicine 灾难医学first aid 院前急救 What are qualified emergency physician needs1.Rich in elementary knowledge of medicine(丰富的医学基础知识)2.Having rich clinical experience(丰富的临床经验)3.Master the principals of decision-making in emergency medicine(正确的急诊临床思维)4.Skilled techniques
3、 for emergency(娴熟的急救技术)Tracheal intubation气管插管,Venipuncture 深静脉穿刺，Cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏5.Emergency physician diathesis(良好的心理素质)6.The ability to dealt with accident appropriately(镇静处理突发事件)Acute Chest Pain急性胸痛急性胸痛Decision-making on Acute Chest pain at Early Stage早期识别高危胸痛Recognize the dange
4、rous of acute chest pain,especially with those life-threatening识别胸痛的危险程度识别胸痛的危险程度,特别是威胁生命的胸痛特别是威胁生命的胸痛Establish pain management center to offer a comprehensive range of services for patients with treatment on acute chest pain.国外建立疼痛中心建立一系列胸痛诊疗程序High-risk Chest Pain急诊常见的高危胸痛Cardiogenic pain:Acute Cor
5、onary Syndrome（UAP、AMI)高危心源性疼痛：急性冠脉综合征高危心源性疼痛：急性冠脉综合征Non-cardiogenic pain:aortic dissection,pulmonary embolism and tension pneumothorax高危非心源性疼痛：主动脉夹层、肺栓高危非心源性疼痛：主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、张力性气胸塞、张力性气胸Diagnosis on Acute Chest Pain急性胸痛诊断思路Medical history,physical examination,laboratory examination and special examinat
6、ion and tests(EKG、Chest X-ray、enzymology)病史、体格检查、辅助检查（病史、体格检查、辅助检查（EKG、胸片、酶、胸片、酶学等）学等）chest pain division(Cardiogenic and Non cardiogenic)区分胸痛系心源性或非心源性区分胸痛系心源性或非心源性Juddgement the risk degree 判断危险度判断危险度characteristics of chest pain有助于胸痛的诊断和鉴别诊断的特点Location of pain疼痛的部位，疼痛的部位，retrosternal,substernalQua
7、lity 疼痛的性质疼痛的性质,pressure,tightness,sharp,pleuritic,burningDuration,aggravation and alleviation of pain疼痛的时疼痛的时间及影响因素、缓解因素间及影响因素、缓解因素,exertion,cold,psychologic stress,nitroglycerinSimultaneous symptoms of pain疼痛的伴随症状疼痛的伴随症状Previous medical history 即往史即往史 location of chest pain胸痛的部位胸痛的部位Angina Pectori
8、s and acute myocardial infarction are usually retrosternal.most patients do not localize the pain to any small area.They are typically described as tightness,pressure,or squeezing.Pain may radiate to the jaw,neck,arms,back,and epigastria.The left arm is affected more frequently.心绞痛与急性心肌梗心绞痛与急性心肌梗死的疼
9、痛常位于胸骨后或心前区，且放射到左死的疼痛常位于胸骨后或心前区，且放射到左肩和左上臂内侧。肩和左上臂内侧。The pain of esophageal disease,mediastinal hernia and mediastinal tumer is also a retrosternal.食管疾患、隔疝、纵隔肿瘤食管疾患、隔疝、纵隔肿瘤的疼痛也位于胸骨后。的疼痛也位于胸骨后。spontaneous pneumothorax,acute pleuritis and pulmonary embolism et.al often unilateral and pleuritic.自发性气胸、急
10、性自发性气胸、急性胸膜炎、肺栓塞等常呈患侧的剧烈胸痛。胸膜炎、肺栓塞等常呈患侧的剧烈胸痛。Quality of Chest Pain胸痛的性质Intercostal neuralgia causes paroxysmal burning pain or pricking pain.肋间神经痛呈阵发性的灼肋间神经痛呈阵发性的灼痛或刺痛。痛或刺痛。Myosalgia often occurs with aching pain.肌痛则肌痛则常呈酸痛；常呈酸痛；Ostalgia occurs with aching pain or boring pain骨骨痛呈酸痛或锥痛；痛呈酸痛或锥痛；Esopha
11、gitis and diaphragmatocele often occurs with burning pain or heatburn食管炎、膈疝常呈食管炎、膈疝常呈灼痛或灼热感；灼痛或灼热感；Quality of Chest Pain胸痛的性质Angina Pectoris or myocardial infarction is usually described as a heaviness,pressure,or squeezing 心绞痛或心肌梗死常呈压榨样痛并常心绞痛或心肌梗死常呈压榨样痛并常伴有压迫感或窒息感。伴有压迫感或窒息感。Borning pain is caused b
12、y the erosion of aneurysm of aorta when it corrodes chest pain 主动脉瘤侵主动脉瘤侵蚀胸壁时呈锥痛。蚀胸壁时呈锥痛。The chest suffocation can be diagnosed by primarily lung cancer or mediastinal mass 原发性原发性肺癌、纵隔肿瘤可有胸部闷痛。肺癌、纵隔肿瘤可有胸部闷痛。Associated features影响胸痛的因素Angina Pectoris is often indused by tension.It can be released by t
13、aking nitroglycerin tablets.Myocardial infarction can be indentified with continuing pain which is not to be released by taking nitroglycerin tablets.心绞痛常于用力或精神紧张时诱发，呈阵发性，含服硝酸甘油片迅速缓解；心肌梗死常呈持续性剧痛，虽含服硝酸甘油片仍不缓解Cardiac neurosis is often the reason of chest pain.It can be relieved by movement.心脏神经官能症所致胸痛
14、则常因运动反而好转The chest pain of pleurisy,pneumothorax,and pericarditis can often be exacerbated by cough or deep breathing 胸膜炎、自发性气胸、心包炎的胸痛常因咳嗽或深呼吸而加剧Associated features影响胸痛的因素Neuromusculoskeletal Conditions:Direct pressure on the chondrosternal and costochondral junctions may reproduce the pain from the
15、se and other musculoskeletal syndromes.It is intensified by thoracic activity;Esophageal diseases is often exacerbated by swallowing food胸壁疾病所致的胸痛常于局部压迫或胸廓活动时加剧；食管疾病的胸痛常于吞咽食物时发作或加剧 Simultaneous phenomenon of chest pain胸痛的伴随症状 Cough:trachea,bronchi and pleural diseases胸痛常伴咳嗽：胸痛常伴咳嗽：气管、支气管、胸膜疾病所致。Dysp
16、hagia:diseases of esophageal and mediastinum胸痛常伴吞咽困难胸痛常伴吞咽困难：食管、纵隔疾病所致的Hemoptysis:tuberculosis,pulmonary embolism and primary lung cancer.胸痛常伴有咯血胸痛常伴有咯血：肺结核、肺栓塞、原发性肺癌。Sneeze:brustwirble disease胸痛常伴有深吸气或打喷嚏加重：加重：胸椎胸椎病变病变Simultaneous phenomenon of chest pain 胸痛的伴随症状Hypertention and/or history of coron
17、ary heart disease:angina pectoris,myocardial infarction 胸痛常伴有高血压和胸痛常伴有高血压和(或或)冠心病史冠心病史：心绞痛、心肌梗死Dyspnea:pneumonia,pneumothorax,pleurisy,pulmonary embolism and hyperventilation syndrome,etc.胸痛常伴有呼吸困难：胸痛常伴有呼吸困难：肺炎、气胸、胸膜炎、肺栓塞、过度换气综合征等A b a t e m e n t p o s i t i o n:cardiopericarditis:sitting up and le
18、aning forward;esophageal hiatal hernia:erect position胸痛常伴有特定体位缓解：胸痛常伴有特定体位缓解：心包炎坐位及前倾位；食管裂孔疝立位Simultaneous phenomenon of chest pain胸痛的伴随症状Onset suddenly:thoracic organ rupture is conclued by the symptoms of rapid severe chest pain.such an dissection of aorta,aerothorax,and mediastinal emphysema etc.
19、胸痛伴起病急剧胸痛伴起病急剧，胸痛迅速达高峰，往往提示胸腔脏器破裂，如主动脉夹层、气胸、纵隔气肿等Haemodynamics:fatal symptoms are appeared as hypotension/venous engorgement such as pericardial tamponade,acute myocardial infarction，severe pulmonary embolism,dissection of aorta胸痛伴血流动力学异常胸痛伴血流动力学异常低血压及静脉怒张则提示致命性胸痛（心包填塞、急性心肌梗塞、巨大肺栓塞、主动脉夹层）Evaluation
20、Cardiogenic Chest Pain心源性胸痛的急诊评价方法History and physical examination 病史、查体12 Leads-ECG(Dynamic Observation)-myocardial ischemia(30%)increase ST 12导 ECG(动态观察)-心肌缺血(30%)ST抬高Chest pain without typical ECG change:serum myocardium maker treadmill exercise UCG nuclear cardiology(Non-abnormal 50%AMI during t
21、he diagnose of 20%AMI)dynamic oberservation 对ECG无明显变化的胸痛-血清标志物检查运动平板UCG核素检查(50%AMI的ECG无异常-观察期间20%AMI)-动态观察易误诊 Evaluation on Cardiogenic Chest Pain心源性胸痛的急诊评价方法Cardiac marker testing(TNT、TNI、CPK-MB、GOT、LDH)血清标志物检测(TNT、TNI、心肌酶谱)CTNT forecasts the acute myocardial ischemia CTNT是急性心肌缺血独立危险预报因子Radionuclid
22、e：myocardial ischemia after six hours核素心肌缺血或梗死6小时后Identified as non-cardiac chest pain if ECG does not change through observation若胸痛经动态观察ECG等无变化，考虑非心源性胸痛。Characters of chest pain in emergency急诊常见疾病的胸痛特点急诊常见疾病的胸痛特点心绞痛Angina Pectoris 疼痛部位在胸骨上,中段，少数在心前区或剑突下，放射于左胸、左背、左肩、左上臂前内侧直达无名指及小指；亦可放射到颈、咽、下颌及乳突。疼痛性
23、质为紧缩压榨感，闷胀窒息感、刺痛、锐痛、灼痛甚至刀割样疼痛，偶有濒死样恐惧，迫使患者立即停止活动。Most patients with angina pectoris are identfeid as retrosternal chest discomfort rather than as frank pain.The former is usually described as a pressure,heaviness,squeezing,burning,or choking sensation.Anginal pain may locate primarily in the epigast
24、rium,back,neck,jaw,or shoulders.Typical locations for radiation of pain are at arms,shoulders,and neck.Few presents scares on the brink of death and is forced to quit the work.Symptoms and signs疼痛持续时间约15分钟，休息或含服硝酸甘油后13分钟内可缓解症状。It lasts for approximately 1-5 minutes and is relieved by rest or by nitr
25、oglycerin after 1-3 minutes.疼痛常因用力、劳累、饱食、情绪激动而诱发Angina is precipitated by exertion,diet,exposure to cold,or emotional stress.发作时心电图检查可见ST段压低和T波改变。The ST segment is usually depressed and T-wave changed during angina in EKG.心肌酶学无改变 Negative changes in Cardiac markerCardiac marker急性心肌梗死急性心肌梗死Acute myoc
26、ardial infarction胸痛的性质和部位与心绞痛相似，但较剧烈而持久，持续时间达数小时至数日，休息或含服硝酸甘油不能缓解。Nature and location of chest pain are similar to that of angina.However,they are more severer and long-lasting.It can last from several hours to several days which can not be alleviated with rest or by taking nitroglycerin.常伴有发热、恶心、呕吐
27、、面色苍白、呼吸困难、心律不齐、血压降低、心力衰竭等。Sometimes it is accompanied with fever,nausea,vomiting,paleness,difficulty in breathing,arrhythmia,lower blood pressure and heart failure.心电图和酶学检查有相应的特异性演变。Positive result in Cardiac marker and ECG examination急性下壁心肌梗死急性下壁心肌梗死Acute inferior myocardial infarction 主动脉夹层主动脉夹层
28、aortic dissection 本病多见于本病多见于40岁以上的男性，多有高血岁以上的男性，多有高血压和动脉粥样硬化病史。压和动脉粥样硬化病史。Common in middle-aged patients with hypertension and artherosclerosis.widened mediastinum Cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR)of a type-A aortic dissection.突发性撕裂样或刀割样胸痛，向胸前及背部放突发性撕裂样或刀割样胸痛，向胸前及背部放射，随夹层血肿波及范围可延至腹部、下肢、射，随夹层血肿波
29、及范围可延至腹部、下肢、臂及颈部，极为剧烈，疼痛的高峰一般较急性臂及颈部，极为剧烈，疼痛的高峰一般较急性心梗的高峰早。止痛药常无效。心梗的高峰早。止痛药常无效。Almost all patients with acute dissections present with severe chest pain,sharp,stabbing,tearing,or ripping pain although some patients with chronic dissections are identified without associated symptoms.Unlike the pain
30、of ischemic heart disease,symptoms of aortic dissection tend to reach peak severity immediately,often causing the patient to collapse from its intensity.It can radiates to the abdomen,limb,thr arm and the neck.Analgetica is invalid.诊断:diagnosis：X线见上纵隔或主动脉影增宽。线见上纵隔或主动脉影增宽。X-ray:widen in superior medi
31、astinum or aortaUCG CT、核磁（、核磁（MRI)主动脉造影诊断的准确率主动脉造影诊断的准确率aortic angiography:Lead to acurate diagnosis肺栓塞 Pulmonary Embolism 体循环静脉或右心内血栓栓子脱落进入体循环静脉或右心内血栓栓子脱落进入肺循环，堵塞肺动脉或其分支者称肺栓肺循环，堵塞肺动脉或其分支者称肺栓塞；由于肺栓塞或肺血栓形成，引起肺塞；由于肺栓塞或肺血栓形成，引起肺组织缺氧坏死者称肺梗死。组织缺氧坏死者称肺梗死。常有诱因：心脏病、职业、长期卧床、常有诱因：心脏病、职业、长期卧床、新近手术或外伤新近手术或外伤Com
32、mon incentives:heart disease,occupational,bedridden,recent surgery or trauma 肺总动脉的一支堵塞，可胸痛、昏厥、肺总动脉的一支堵塞，可胸痛、昏厥、休克而猝死。休克而猝死。仅肺动脉一分支堵塞，则症状轻重随血仅肺动脉一分支堵塞，则症状轻重随血管堵塞的大小而不同，主要表现为突发管堵塞的大小而不同，主要表现为突发性胸痛、呼吸困难与紫绀。疼痛可为刺性胸痛、呼吸困难与紫绀。疼痛可为刺痛、绞痛，部位在胸骨后，向肩部放射，痛、绞痛，部位在胸骨后，向肩部放射，随呼吸加剧，同时伴有发热、咳嗽、咯随呼吸加剧，同时伴有发热、咳嗽、咯血，白细胞
33、增高与转氨酶血，白细胞增高与转氨酶GOT升高。检升高。检查病变部位有浊音，并可听到胸膜摩擦查病变部位有浊音，并可听到胸膜摩擦音。音。诊断D二聚体初步筛选二聚体初步筛选preliminary screening:D-dimerECG;SIQ3T3少见，少见，V1-ST-T改变改变ECG:V1-4 wave and ST-T change,血气分析血气分析blood gas analysis提问与解答环节Questions And Answers谢谢聆听 学习就是为了达到一定目的而努力去干,是为一个目标去战胜各种困难的过程,这个过程会充满压力、痛苦和挫折Learning Is To Achieve A Certain Goal And Work Hard,Is A Process To Overcome Various Difficulties For A Goal
