1、若有所“指”“代”替万千高三阅读技能指导之高三阅读技能指导之 In many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent.I have had to work hard to live a normal life,but it has been worth it.If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids,it would be this:Just having a disability doesnt mean your life is not
2、satisfying.So dont feel sorry for the disabled or make fun of them,and dont ignore them either.Just accept them for who they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.Substitute word替代词Reference指代指代(reference)是作者为了避免 ，让行文简练，在文中使用一些 (substitute words)来表示上文中已经提到过或下文即将提到
3、的人物或事物（词或短语，甚至句子)。重复 替代词What is reference?2017全国I卷 C篇29.What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer to?2017全国I卷 D篇33.What does the underlined phrase“the water catcher”in Paragraph 2 refer to?Pay special attention to reference in reading comprehension.Some basic information about referenc
4、e?In many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent.I have had to work hard to live a normal life,but it has been worth it.If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids,it would be this:Just having a disability doesnt mean your life is not satisfying.So dont feel sorry
5、 for the disabled or make fun of them,and dont ignore them either.Just accept them for who they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.我发现：我发现：指代词以 居多。（人称代词，指示代词 等）Tip:阅读中遇到代词要留心，需标注，有意识推敲其指代(1)关于指代的“二三事”代词 Led by Professor Phil Blythe,the Newcastle team are develo
6、ping in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.2017全国III卷 D篇 What does“which”refer to?The passage is mainly about .我发现：指代词我发现：指代词还包括定语从句的 ，常常需要搞清指代，可帮助我们判断文章的关键词。(2)关于指代的“二三事”、关系词 Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you th
7、rough that little device(装置)on your desk.And theyve never actually met you.Everything they know about you came through this device,sometimes from hundreds of miles away.Yet they feel they can know you just from the sound of your voice.Thats how powerful the telephone is.Sitting back in the car on th
8、e way to the airport,I figured it all out.Ranis friendliness-her warm smile,her nods,her“Im here for you”attitudewere all silent signals that didnt travel through wires.Q：What does“wires”refer to?the telephonethe telephone我发现：我发现：除了代词指代，还可以用 来进行指代，可以让文章表达 。Tip:需要养成联系上下文，翻译推敲的习惯。词汇(3)关于指代的“二三事”丰富多样 I
9、n many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent.I have had to work hard to live a normal life,but it has been worth it.If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids,it would be this:Just having a disability doesnt mean your life is not satisfying.So dont feel sorry fo
10、r the disabled or make fun of them,and dont ignore them either.Just accept them for who they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.我发现：我发现：指示代词既可以 指，也可 指；指代信息既可在 句，也可在 句。Tip:在阅读中养成从同句到上下句寻找替代信息，同时翻译理解的习惯。(4)关于指代的“二三事”前后同一上下练一练，说一说 2017全国I卷 D篇 A build-it-yourself s
11、olar still（蒸馏器）is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the U.S.Department of Agriculture,its an excellent water collector.Unfortunately,you must carry the necessary equipment with you,since its all but impossible
12、 to find natural substitutes.The only components required,though,are a 55sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic,six feet of plastic tube,and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working
13、still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of th
14、e line runs upand out of the side of the hole.33.What does the underlined phrase“the water catcher”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.The tube.B.The still C.The hole.D.The cup.练一练，说一说2017全国I卷 C篇 Despite the celebrations,though,in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has
15、failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz,Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz,make the music more accessible,and preserve its history and culture.29.What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 ref
16、er to?Jazz becoming more accessible.The production of jazz growing faster.Jazz being less popular with the young.The jazz audience becoming larger.那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”Why are some reference difficult to understand?They could consume?in the shortest periodcharacters However,after watching the current genera
17、tion of teens stuck in the troubled waters of technology,I had little confidence in the survival of the book.I felt sure that the book would be a thing of the past which the Twitter(推特)world had already overtaken,limiting the imagination of this generation to the few characters that they could consu
18、me in the shortest period.Q:What does“that”refer to?A：the few characters B.this generation C.the imagination 我发现：含有定语从句的长句，需要对我发现：含有定语从句的长句，需要对 的指代的指代进行仔细推敲翻译理解。进行仔细推敲翻译理解。Tip:Tip:可将可将 还原回从句还原回从句,结合上下文来正确理解句结合上下文来正确理解句意。意。(1)那些让我们晕乎乎的“指代们”长难句中的定语从句指代长难句中的定语从句指代先行词先行词关系词关系词 Even Chinas population wil
19、l be declining by the early 2030s,according to the UN,which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries.Try to translate the sentence.练一练，说一说The Economist Jun.5,2006 In 1901,H.G.Wells,an English writer,wrote a book describing a trip to the moon.When the explor
20、ers landed on the moon,they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities.They expressed their surprises to the“moon people”they met.In turn,the“moon people expressed their surprise.“Why,”they asked,“are you travelling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space?”H.G.Wells could
21、 only imagine travel to the moon.In 1969,human beings really did land on the moon.People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon.However,the question that the“moon people”asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.Q：What does“
22、it”refer to?(2)那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”分隔指代分隔指代我发现：所指代信息离指代词越我发现：所指代信息离指代词越 ，越容易造成理解困，越容易造成理解困难。难。Tip:Tip:需要耐心上下逐行搜寻。需要耐心上下逐行搜寻。远练一练，说一说 2017全国I卷 D篇 The discovery of a dwarfed(矮小的)“human being”who lived in Flores,Indonesia,up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way we think about the human family.This“Flores H
23、uman”was three feet tall and her brain was smaller than that of the average chimp.Yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives.They seem to have made tools,worked together to find food and cook it,and perhaps even buried their dead with ceremony.It was a major surprise to find tools
24、associated with the new human family member.The tools are like those formerly seen only with European fossils from our own species,Homo sapiens（智人）,and the oldest of them were made 94,000 years ago.Homo sapiens is thought to have arrived in the island about 40,000 years ago,much too late to be respo
25、nsible for the tools.If this tiny human made the tools,then the inside structure of its brain must have been more like our own than a chimps,despite being just a third the size of ours.Q：What does“tiny human”refer to?A：Homo Sapiens B:Flores Human Schipper,now a 17-year-old from Brisbane with a brigh
26、t future of going to Athens for her first Olympics,yesterday recalled her time with Shane Gould five years ago.“I was at a national youth camp on the Gold Coast and Shane had come along to talk to us and watch us train,”Schipper explained.“It seemed as if we had long been good friends.I dont know wh
27、y.We just started talking and it went from there.”(3）那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”隐形指代隐形指代我发现：有些指代并没有在上下文我发现：有些指代并没有在上下文 显示出来显示出来Tip:Tip:需要分析上下语境翻译，进行合理的推理、判断、归纳。需要分析上下语境翻译，进行合理的推理、判断、归纳。friendship直接直接 练一练,说一说 2017全国I卷 B篇 I work with Volunteers for Wildlife,a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in
28、 Locust Valley.Trying to help injured,displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking;survival is never certain.However,when it works,it is simply beautiful.Q:What do the two“it”refer to?Do they refer to the same thing?Try to explain the sentence in your own way.Possible version:When the rescue wor
29、ks,the outcome is simply beautiful.1.What is reference?2.What basic information about reference have we learnt?3.Why are some references difficult to understand?4.What should we do to have a better understanding of reference while reading?SummaryHomework1.Review what you have leant about reference.2
30、.Finish the exercise by applying reference analysis.!Do not just tick()your answer.!Do explain your reason for your answer by carefully analyzing the key sentence(s).Pay attention to referenceTIP:TIP:画出指示词画出指示词从本句到上下句推敲从本句到上下句推敲直接直接指代还是需要归纳信息指代还是需要归纳信息翻译判断信息；翻译判断信息；2016全国III卷 C篇 Visiting an apple ev
31、ent is a good chance to see,and often taste,a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesnt taste of anything special,its still worth a try,as is the knobby(多疙瘩的)Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.26.What can we learn about Decio?A.It is a new variety B.It has a strange look.C.It is rarely seen now.D.It has a special tasteHOMEWORK
