1、Chapter11 Enabling InstitutionsBackground Institutions are invariably a mix of the good and the bad.And positive is not an adjective sensibly applied to an institutions as a whole.We should ask positive for what purpose.Positive institutions-enabling institutions:some institutions can enable certain
2、 outcomes better than other institutions can.I A Catalog of Social Grouping1.Aggregation:an assembly of individuals physically in the same place.I A Catalog of Social Grouping4.Organization:is an enduring and structured group.Usually an organization has a body of traditions and customs.Its members t
3、hink of the organization as a whole,and their roles are differentiated and specialized.One way to distinguish organization s from other groups is to ask whether particular members are dispensable.I A Catalog of Social Grouping5.Institution:is a set of like organizations with especially sustained and
4、 pervasive influences within a society or even the world as a whole.Most societies has some form of religion,some form of marriage,and some form of education;we therefore speak of these as institution.II Common Features of Enabling Institutions Institutional-level virtues:The moral characteristics o
5、f the group as a whole Need to be an enduring part of the institutional culture.Serve the moral goals of an organization and not simply its bottom line.Are characteristics of the organization that contribute to the fulfillment of its members.Need to influence actual conduct within the group in ways
6、that people can recognize.III The Good Family Psychologist have often been interested less in the demographics of families and more in the styles of parenting-how parents encourage behaviors that they like in their children and discourage others.III The Good Family Three major styles of parenting:Au
7、thoritarian parenting:is firm,punitive,and emotionally cold.Parents value obedience from their children and do not encourage their independence or involve them in decision making.Children are unhappy,dependent,and submissive.III The Good Family Three major styles of parenting:permissive parenting:is
8、 loving but lax.Parents exert little control over their children.Children are given freedom and are allowed to make decisions,but they have little guidance.Children are likely be outgoing and sociable,but also immature,impatient,and aggressive.III The Good Family Three major styles of parenting:aoth
9、oritative parenting:involves negotiating with children.Such parents set limits for a child,but explain why,and they encourage independence.As the child demonstrates responsibility,the parents allow more freedom.Decision are arrived at through give and take.Children tend to be friendly,cooperative,so
10、cially responsible,and self-reliant.III The Good Family Regardless of the style of parenting that children experience,they tend to raise their own children in much the same way.IV The Good School School is sometimes called a life industry,which means that educational practices affect students not ju
11、st in the here and now but also across the lifespan in settings far removed from the classroom.The pervasive influence of schools is not an interesting by-product of education but an integral part of a schools explicit purpose.IV The Good School Martin Maehr and his colleagues:on the sorts of school
12、s that encourage students to be engaged and enthusiastic about learning.School provides explicit goals in which students adopt them.For what does it stand?For what does it strive?A good school is one that prepares students to be effective learners throughout life.V The Good Workplace Work:what peopl
13、e do for financial compensation in order to earn a living.Economic terms but obscures its richer psychological meaning.England and Whitely(1990):Alienated worker Economic worker Duty-oriented worker Balanced workerV The Good Workplace Alienated worker Work is not central to his or her life.It is pur
14、sued for neither economic nor expressive reasons;and it is not seen as fulfilling any obligation to the large society.In general tend to be younger and female They perform low-paying jobs with little variety or responsibility.They rate their satisfaction with work as low.V The Good Workplace Economi
15、c worker The meaning of work for this individual revolves solely around good pay and high security.In general had less education than other types of workers and were somewhat more likely to be males.Their jobs had little variety or responsibility Despite the importance of pay to these workers,they t
16、ended not to earn much money.Their satisfaction with work was also low.V The Good Workplace Duty-oriented worker Regards work as highly central to his or her life,undertakes it for expressive reasons,and regards it as a societal obligation.In general were older and somewhat more likely to be females
17、.Worked as managers or in sales,in jobs with high variety and responsibility,and usually earned good salaries.Their work satisfaction was high.V The Good Workplace Balanced worker Is highly central to the individuals life;and it allows both economic and expressive goals to be satisfied.Were usually
18、older males with more education than other types of workers.They worked at a variety of jobs,typically those high in autonomy.They put in the longest hours,and they earned the highest salaries.They rated their work satisfaction as quite high.V The Good Workplacep Good workplace must be culturally co
19、ngruent with their workers.p Good workplace are characterized by certain institutional-level virtues.p Workers are treated fairly in moral work organizations,which have reward structures both explicit and equitable.p The organization must additionally treat people as individuals and not just as a pa
20、ir of hands.In the case of employees,this means giving them the autonomy to be innovative.In the case of customers,treating them as individuals entails being honest about goods or services that can be delivered.p In a good workplace,the spirit of the law trumps the letter of the law.VI The Good Soci
21、ety The Romans recognized personal virtues to characterize an entire society.Equity Good fortune Justice Patience Providence SafetyVI The Good Society Confucius:He valued social order and thus stressed explicit role expectations.He discussed at length these expectations in terms of relationship betw
22、een and among people,so an inherent aspect of the Confucian vision of the good society is interpersonal.Six relationship are crucial:Ruler and subjects Parents and children Husband and wife Older sibling and younger sibling Teacher and student Friend and friendVI The Good Society Confucius:In each r
23、elationship,the subordinate individual has the responsibility of obedience to the superior,but only when the superior in turn displays benevolence and care.The Confucian ideal of duty does not prescribe humble acquiescence of the powerless to the powerful but rather calls for mutual respect.The cult
24、ivation of courteousness and deference in ones everyday behavior is more about consideration for anothers feelings than about strict adherence to rules and empty customs.VII The Good Religion?What psychologist have learned about religions?William James:deeply concerned with religious phenomena G.Sta
25、nley Hall:established a journal devoted to the psychology of religion.And is most interested in the moral and religious training of youth.1930-1960s,fell off psychologys radar screen.1950,Harvard psychologist Gordon Allport:Extrinsic religiosity:religion as a means to other ends Intrinsic religiosit
26、y:religion as an end in itself 1975,the psychology of religion was created in APA division.VII The Good Religion?Contemporary approaches to the psychological study of the religious and spiritual life tend to fall into several general domains.One important body of work is largely theoretical in natur
27、e.Another approach to the psychology of religion is a body of work that attends to quantitative measurement.Another line of work is more sociologically oriented.Finally,there is a body of work that examines the neurophysiology of religious and spiritual experience,attempting to identify the brain st
28、ructures and mechanisms involved in religious experience.VII The Good Religion?Still not established to any certainty is the means by which religion confers benefits.Are the relevant processes intrapsychic or interpersonal?Does these mechanisms differ in accord with the consequence of interest?Do they differ from person to person even for the same consequence?VIII Conclusions Agreement about widely valued institutional-level virtues:Purpose Safety Fairness Humanity Dignity
