1、1SUMMARYScan the passage （览全文，定题材）Step1Underline the main points and Make a sentence（划要点 成句子）Step2 Analyse the structure（析结构）Step3Yoke the sentences to a passage（连全文）Step5Restate the points（换表达）Step4How to write a summary?Step1 Scan the passage （览览全文，全文，定定题材题材）1.What is the writing type?A.Narration
2、B.Exposition(说明文说明文）C.Argumentation(议论文议论文）2.Find out the repeated words and the topic of the passage?manners;road politeness&road mannersTo inform or explain an opinion by providing materials.To convince the readers that the ideas are true and give suggestions.Step2 Underline the main points and ma
3、ke a sentence （划划要点要点,成成句子）句子）tip 1:pay attention to signal words and repeated words.tip 2:Ignore detailed statistics,data,quatations and examples.Para 1Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划划要点要点,成成句子）句子）It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams,the cost of gas and the great spee
4、d of modern life,but manners on the road are becoming horrible.Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel.It is all right to have a tiger in a cage,but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter.Further explanation(metaphor)Tip 1:Sentences after signal wor
5、ds like“but”,“however”,“actually”etc.are often the focus.It is quite reasonable to blame the traffic jams,but road manners on the road are becoming horrible.phenomenonphenomenonargumentargumentparaphrase:1.Use synonyms 2.Change part of speech 3.Passive to active;vise versa 4.Summarize examples or ex
6、planationsTip 1 Language Database 表严重的词：表严重的词：horrible severe/awful/terrible表示变化的词：表示变化的词：become get/turn into/change intoPrepositional phrases（介词短语）（介词短语）Attributive clauses（定从）（定从）Nonfinite verb（非谓语动词）（非谓语动词）Adverbial clauses（状从）（状从）Tip 1：try to use the following structures to polish your sentence
7、.Step4 Restate the points（换换表达）表达）1.It is quite reasonable to blame the traffic jams,but road manners on the road are becoming horrible.l Though certain factors like traffic jams are to be blame,road manners are becoming aweful.l To blame things like traffic jams is acceptable,but road manners are g
8、etting terrible.Summary for para 1l People tends to have horrible manners like to blame the traffic jams while driving.Para 2Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence Road politeness is not only good manners,but good sense.It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience to give up the
9、 desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving.On the other hand,a little politeness goes a long way towards reducing the possibility of quarreling and fighting.A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and becomes so neces
10、sary in modern traffic conditions.But such behavior of politeness are by no means enough.Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.Main point:Road politeness is not only good manner but good sense.Minor point:1.great paticence 2.reducing the possibility of qu
11、arreling and fighting.3.an atmosphere of good will and4.necessary in modern traffic condition ArgumentArgumentRequirementRequirementBenefitsBenefitsNecessityNecessity2.Main point:Road politeness is not only good manner but good sense.Minor point:1.great paticence 2.reducing the possibility of quarre
12、ling and fighting.3.an atmosphere of good will and4.necessary in moderntraffic condition Summary for para 2l Road politeness requires patience and contributes to a harmonious atmoshpere,which is necessary yet ignored by many drivers.Road politness requires patience to calm down and helps to creat a
13、harmonious atmoshpere,which is necessary but neglected by many drivers.Summary for para 2Para 3Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划划要点要点,成成句子）句子）So what is the right amount of praise?Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and
14、 focused on the effort not the outcome,you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,says Donahue,author of Parenting Without Fear:Letting Go of Worry and Foc
15、using on What Really Matters.One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Experts argue that the quality of praise is more important than its quantity,which means not the outcome but the effort matters.Para 4Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划划要点
16、要点,成成句子）句子）Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if hes out there every day and playing hard,you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to cle
17、an the yard,cook dinner,or finish a book report.But whatever it is,praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称相称的的)to the amount of effort your child has put into It.Praising children should vary from task to task and be proportionate to their effort.task-specificdepend en
18、tirely on the circumstances Step3 Analyse the structure（析结构）（析结构）Para 1:bad effects of too much praisePara 2:bad effects of not enough praisePara 3:focus more on the quality of praisePara 4:specific and proportionate praisepraiseStep4 Restate the points（换换表达）表达）Paraphrase Group work 1.Contrary to pa
19、rents initial expectations,too much praise may bring bad results to kids.2.Not enough praise is equally damaging,which makes them lack confidence to make some achievements.3.Experts argue that the quality of praise is more important than its quantity,which means not the outcome but the effort matter
20、s.4.Praising children should vary from person to person and be proportionate to their effort.表影响类：表影响类：have a harmful/negative/damaging effect on Tip 1 Language Database 表重要性：表重要性：attach great importance to emphasize/stress the importance be of vital importance/significance.count/matter mean a lot P
21、repositional phrases（介词短语）（介词短语）Attributive clauses（定从）（定从）Nonfinite verb（非谓语动词）（非谓语动词）Adverbial clauses（状从）（状从）Tip 1：try to use the following structures to polish your sentence.Step4 Restate the points（换换表达）表达）1.Contrary to parents initial expectations,too much praise may bring bad results to kids.
22、l Contrary to parents initial expectations,excessive praise tends to have a negative effect on kids.l Overpraising from parents could contribute to bad outcomes,making children unwilling to meet challenges.Summary for para 1l excessive praise tends to have a negative effect on kids,which is contrary
23、 to parents initial expecation of boosting their confidence.Step4 Restate the points（换换表达）表达）2.Not enough praise is equally damaging,and it makes them lack confidence to make some achievements.Summary for para 2l Insufficient praise is equally damaging,which makes them lack confidence to make some a
24、chievements.l inadquate praise is equally harmful,for it may destroy kids confidence to achieve more.l inadquate praise also has a negative effect on kids,causing them to lack confidence to achieve more.Summary for para 2Step4 Restate the points（换换表达）表达）3.Experts argue that the quality of praise is
25、more important than its quantity,which means not the outcome but the effort matters.l What really matters isnt quantity but quality,which means praise should concentrate on the effort of trying instead of the outcome.Summary for para 3Step4 Restate the points（换换表达）表达）4.Praising children should vary
26、from task to task and be proportionate to their effort.Summary for para 4l Whatever your kids effort put,the expression of praise should be varied from specific case and equal to their effort.l Based on a specific task,the expression of praise should also be proportionate to their effort.One possibl
27、e versionStep5 Yoke the sentences to a passage（连连全文全文）Contrary to parents initial expectations,excessive praise tends to have a negative effect on kids.Likewise,inadequate praise is equally harmful,for it may destroy kids confidence to achieve more.Therefore,what really matters isnt quantity but quality,which means praise should concentrate on the effort of trying instead of the outcome.Meanwhile,based on a specific task,the expression of praise should also be proportionate to their effort.(69 words)Coherence(衔接）衔接）
